C# – CodeInDotNet

C# Automation Testing Tools Beyond Selenium: Market Analysis and Career Guide

admin — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 18:54:06 +0000

Best C# Automation Testing Tools (Other Than Selenium)

Based on current market trends and industry adoption, here are the top automation testing tools that support C# programming:

Playwright – The Rising Star

Playwright has emerged as the most promising automation tool for 2025. It’s a modern end-to-end testing framework that offers comprehensive browser support and excellent C# integration.

Key Features:

Cross-browser testing (Chromium, Firefox, WebKit)
Multi-language support including C#
Built-in auto-wait mechanisms
Native parallel execution support
Advanced network interception and mocking capabilities
Mobile emulation and device testing

Why It’s the Best Choice:

Modern Architecture: Playwright runs outside the browser, providing better control and isolation.
Fastest Growth: Usage has exceeded Selenium in recent surveys, making it the top automation tool for 2025
Enterprise Ready: Strong CI/CD integration and advanced debugging tools

Selenium vs Playwright – Key Comparisons

When choosing between Selenium and Playwright for C# end-to-end automation, Playwright holds clear advantages in modern capabilities, while Selenium remains a strong legacy option.

Criteria	Selenium	Playwright
Browser Support	Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari (via WebDriver)	Chromium, Firefox, WebKit—single API across all three
Speed & Stability	Slower due to WebDriver protocol overhead	Faster execution with built-in auto-waiting and direct control
Parallel Execution	Limited; requires external grid (e.g., Selenium Grid)	Native parallelism viaTestRunner.RunInParallel()
Wait Mechanisms	Manual waits or WebDriverWait	Automatic smart waits on actions and assertions
Network Interception	Only via browser extensions or proxies	Built-in API for request/response interception and mocking
Mobile Testing	Via Appium integration	Limited (needs external setup)
API Testing	Requires separate libraries	First-class API testing support built in
Language Bindings	Multiple (Java, Python, C#, Ruby, JS)	Multiple (JS/TS, Python, C#, Java)
Community & Maturity	Very mature; 15+ years, vast ecosystem	Newer (2020); rapidly growing community
CI/CD Integration	Well-established plugins for Jenkins, Azure, etc.	Strong integration with GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines
Future Demand	Declining relative to modern tools	High growth; fastest adoption among automation frameworks
Learning Curve	Steeper for advanced features	More intuitive API design and built-in helpers

Appium with WinAppDriver – Desktop Application Testing

For Windows desktop application automation, Appium paired with WinAppDriver is Microsoft’s recommended solution after CodedUI deprecation.

Key Features:

Supports WPF, WinForms, UWP, and Win32 applications
Selenium-like API for familiar syntax
Multi-language support including C#
Integration with CI/CD pipelines

SpecFlow – BDD Framework

SpecFlow is the leading Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) framework for .NET, allowing natural language test scenarios.

Key Features:

Integrates with NUnit, xUnit, and MSTest
Gherkin syntax for business-readable tests
Strong Visual Studio integration
Supports parallel execution

Other Notable C# Tools:

NUnit/xUnit/MSTest: Core unit testing frameworks
TestComplete: Commercial tool with advanced features
Ranorex: Enterprise-grade automation platform
Robot Framework: Keyword-driven testing with .NET support
White: Desktop UI automation library (now deprecated, use WinAppDriver instead)

Market Demand and Future Trends

Highest Demand Tools for 2025:

Playwright: Experiencing explosive growth with 74,000+ GitHub stars and widespread enterprise adoption
Selenium: Still maintains large market share but declining relative to newer tools
Cypress: Strong in JavaScript-focused environments but limited to Chromium browsers
Appium: Essential for mobile and desktop application testing

Future Market Projections:

The global test automation market is projected to grow from $28.1 billion in 2023 to $55.2 billion by 2028, driven by:

Increasing demand for continuous testing in DevOps environments
AI-powered testing tools integration
Shift toward cloud-based testing platforms

Salary Expectations and Career Growth

C# Automation Testing Salaries in India (2025):

Experience Level	Salary Range (INR/year)	Key Skills
Entry Level (0-2 years)	₹3-7 lakhs	Basic automation, Selenium, C#
Mid Level (3-5 years)	₹8-15 lakhs	Playwright, CI/CD, Framework design
Senior Level (6+ years)	₹15-25 lakhs	Architecture, Team leadership, Multiple tools
Specialist (Playwright)	₹5-22 lakhs	Modern frameworks, Cloud integration

City-wise Salary Variations:

City	Salary Range (INR/year)	Market Characteristics
Bangalore	₹6-25 lakhs	Highest paying, MNCs and startups
Pune	₹5-12 lakhs	Growing IT hub, cost-effective
Hyderabad	₹5-12 lakhs	Thriving tech ecosystem
Chennai	₹4.5-10 lakhs	Expanding SaaS companies

Skills That Command Higher Salaries:

Playwright Expertise: Companies like Microsoft, GitHub, LinkedIn actively hiring
DevOps Integration: CI/CD pipeline knowledge essential
Cloud Testing: BrowserStack, AWS Device Farm experience valued
AI/ML Integration: 75% of organizations investing in AI-driven QA
Multiple Framework Proficiency: Selenium + Playwright combination ideal

Career Recommendations

For Maximum Salary Potential:

Master Playwright: It’s the fastest-growing tool with highest demand
Maintain Selenium Skills: Large existing codebase ensures continued relevance
Learn Cloud Platforms: BrowserStack, LambdaTest expertise valuable
Develop DevOps Skills: Jenkins, Azure DevOps, GitHub Actions integration
Specialize in Domain: Banking, healthcare, e-commerce have higher pay scales

Learning Path for C# Developers:

Person like 12+ years of .NET experience, focus on:

Playwright with C# – Modern framework with best growth prospects
SpecFlow for BDD – Leverage existing C# skills for business-readable tests
Azure DevOps integration – Natural fit with Microsoft stack
WinAppDriver – For desktop application testing needs

Job Market Outlook:

The demand for C# automation engineers is particularly strong because:

Enterprise Preference: Many large organizations use .NET stack
Skill Scarcity: Fewer C# automation engineers compared to Java/Python
Higher Compensation: C# skills typically command 10-15% premium over other languages

Conclusion: Playwright represents the best investment for future career growth, offering modern capabilities, strong market demand, and excellent salary potential. Combined with your existing C# expertise, this positions you optimally for the evolving automation testing landscape.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q1: What makes Playwright better than Selenium for C# automation?

Playwright offers faster execution through built-in smart waits and direct browser control, seamless cross-browser testing across Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit with a single API, and first-class support for network interception and API testing—capabilities that require additional setup or external tools in Selenium.

Q2: Can I reuse my existing Selenium tests in Playwright?

While there is no direct migration tool, you can gradually port Selenium tests to Playwright by rewriting key actions (locators, navigation, waits) using Playwright’s API. This phased approach lets you maintain legacy tests while adopting Playwright for new scenarios.

Q3: Is Playwright suitable for mobile application testing?

Playwright’s core strength is web automation. For mobile testing, it requires external emulation or integration with tools like Appium. If mobile automation is a primary need, Appium with WinAppDriver remains the recommended C# solution.

Q4: How steep is the learning curve for Playwright compared to Selenium?

Playwright’s modern, promise-based API and auto-wait mechanisms make it more intuitive for beginners. Selenium’s WebDriver protocol often requires manual waits and handling browser quirks, which can increase complexity.

Q5: Which tool has better CI/CD integration for C# projects?

Both tools integrate well with popular CI/CD platforms. Playwright provides built-in reporters and GitHub Actions support, while Selenium relies on established plugins for Jenkins, Azure DevOps, and TeamCity. Playwright’s newer integrations simplify pipeline setup.

Q6: Will learning Playwright increase my salary potential?

Yes. Demand for Playwright expertise is rapidly growing, especially in enterprises moving to modern test architectures. Automation engineers skilled in Playwright and CI/CD practices command higher salary ranges, particularly in mid to senior roles.

Q7: What resources should I use to learn Playwright with C#?

The official Playwright website (https://playwright.dev) offers comprehensive C# documentation, tutorials, and API references. Additionally, BrowserStack’s Playwright guides and community blogs provide practical examples and best practices.

Q8: Is SpecFlow still a viable option for BDD in .NET?

SpecFlow reached end-of-life in late 2024. For BDD in .NET, consider community-driven forks like Reqnroll or alternative frameworks such as xBehave.net, which provide similar Gherkin-style testing support.

Q9: How do I choose between open-source and commercial automation tools?

Open-source tools like Playwright and Appium offer cost-effective, community-driven development and rapid updates. Commercial platforms (e.g., TestComplete, Ranorex) provide enterprise features, dedicated support, and out-of-the-box reporting but come with licensing costs. Choose based on project scale, budget, and required features.

Q10: What career path should a C# automation engineer follow?

Start by mastering Playwright for modern web testing, then learn cloud testing platforms (BrowserStack, LambdaTest) and CI/CD integration. Expand skills into API testing, AI-driven testing tools, and desktop automation with WinAppDriver. Specializing in high-demand domains—finance, healthcare, or e-commerce—can further boost salary and advancement opportunities.

What is NullReferenceException? Complete Guide to Understanding, Fixing, and Preventing Null Reference Errors in C#

admin — Mon, 08 Sep 2025 16:11:18 +0000

NullReferenceException is one of the most common and frustrating runtime errors that .NET developers encounter. If you’ve ever seen the message “Object reference not set to an instance of an object,” you’ve experienced this exception firsthand. This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about NullReferenceException, from understanding what causes it to implementing robust prevention strategies.

What is NullReferenceException?

A NullReferenceException (often abbreviated as NRE) occurs when your program attempts to access a member (such as a method or property) on a reference variable that currently holds a null reference. In simple terms, you’re trying to use something that doesn’t exist – like asking someone who isn’t there to do something for you.

In .NET, reference types (such as classes, strings, and arrays) store references to objects in memory rather than the actual values. When a reference variable doesn’t point to any object, it contains a null value. The null reference serves as a way to indicate that a variable has no meaningful value or that an object is absent.

When you attempt to dereference a null reference by accessing its members using the dot operator (.), the .NET runtime throws a NullReferenceException.

Interview Questions And Answers: OOPs, C#, Web API, SQL Database, Entity Framework

Common Causes of NullReferenceException

Understanding the root causes of null reference errors is essential for effective debugging and prevention. Here are the most frequent scenarios that lead to NullReferenceException:

1. Uninitialized Object Variables

The most basic cause occurs when you declare a reference variable but forget to initialize it with an actual object:

string message = null;
int length = message.Length; // Throws NullReferenceException

2. Uninitialized Class Fields

Class fields of reference types default to null if not explicitly initialized:

public class Person
{
    private string _name; // Defaults to null
    
    public void DisplayName()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(_name.Length); // NullReferenceException
    }
}

3. Method Returning Null

When methods return null values and you don’t check before using the result:

public Person FindPerson(int id)
{
    // Returns null if person not found
    return database.FirstOrDefault(p => p.Id == id);
}

var person = FindPerson(123);
Console.WriteLine(person.Name); // Potential NullReferenceException

4. Method Chaining with Null Values

Method chaining becomes dangerous when any link in the chain returns null:

var street = service.GetUser().Address.Street; // Any part could be null

5. Array Elements Containing Null

Arrays can contain null elements, leading to exceptions during iteration:

string[] names = { "Alice", null, "Bob" };
foreach (var name in names)
{
    Console.WriteLine(name.Length); // Throws exception on null element
}

6. Forgetting Component Assignment (Unity Development)

In Unity development, a common cause is forgetting to assign components in the Inspector:

public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour
{
    public Transform playerTransform; // Not assigned in Inspector
    
    void Start()
    {
        playerTransform.position = Vector3.zero; // NullReferenceException
    }
}

How to Fix NullReferenceException

Fixing null reference errors requires systematic debugging and proper null handling. Here’s a step-by-step approach to resolve these issues:

1. Identify the Exact Location

The exception message typically indicates the exact line and method where the error occurred:

NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object
at Example.Start() [0x0000b] in /Unity/projects/nre/Assets/Example.cs:10

This tells you that line 10 in the Example.cs file is where the problem occurs.

2. Use Debugging Tools

Modern IDEs like Visual Studio provide powerful debugging capabilities:

Set breakpoints before the problematic line
Use the debugger to inspect variable values
Leverage Null Reference Analysis in Visual Studio to identify which specific object is null

3. Implement Null Checks

The most straightforward fix is adding explicit null checks:

public void DisplayUserName(User user)
{
    if (user != null)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(user.Name);
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine("User is null");
    }
}

4. Use Safe Navigation Patterns

C# 6.0 introduced null-conditional operators that provide elegant solutions for null safety:

// Using null-conditional operator (?.)
var userName = user?.Name;

// Chaining null-conditional operators
var street = user?.Address?.Street;

// Null-conditional with indexer
var firstItem = collection?[0];

5. Provide Default Values

Use the null-coalescing operator (??) to provide fallback values:

string displayName = user?.Name ?? "Unknown User";
var items = collection ?? new List<string>();

Advanced Debugging Techniques

1. Using Debug.Assert for Development

Debug.Assert helps catch null references early during development:

public void ProcessUser(User user)
{
    Debug.Assert(user != null, "User should not be null");
    // Process user safely
}

2. Exception Handling with Try-Catch

While not recommended as a primary solution, try-catch blocks can handle unexpected null references:

try
{
    var result = service.GetData().ProcessValue();
}
catch (NullReferenceException ex)
{
    Logger.LogError("Unexpected null reference: " + ex.Message);
    // Handle gracefully
}

3. Using Nullable Reference Types

C# 8.0 introduced nullable reference types that help identify potential null reference issues at compile time:

#nullable enable

public class User
{
    public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty; // Non-nullable
    public string? Email { get; set; } // Nullable
}

Ways to Prevent NullReferenceException

Prevention is always better than fixing null reference errors after they occur. Here are proven strategies to avoid NullReferenceException:

1. Defensive Programming

Always assume that references might be null and implement appropriate checks:

public decimal CalculateTotal(Order order)
{
    if (order == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(order));
    
    if (order.Items == null)
        return 0;
    
    return order.Items.Sum(item => item?.Price ?? 0);
}

2. Initialize Variables Properly

Ensure all reference variables are initialized when declared:

public class ShoppingCart
{
    public Listnew List// Initialize immediately
    
    public ShoppingCart()
    {
        // Constructor ensures proper initialization
        Items = new List











3. Use Constructor Injection



Dependency injection makes dependencies explicit and ensures they’re not null:



public class OrderService
{
    private readonly IRepository _repository;
    
    public OrderService(IRepository repository)
    {
        _repository = repository ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(repository));
    }
} 









4. Implement Null Object Pattern



Create default objects instead of returning null:



public class NullUser : IUser
{
    public string Name => "Guest";
    public bool IsValid => false;
}

public IUser GetUser(int id)
{
    var user = database.Find(id);
    return user ?? new NullUser(); // Never return null
} 









5. Use Guard Clauses



Implement guard clauses at the beginning of methods:



public void ProcessOrder(Order order)
{
    if (order == null) return; // Early exit
    if (order.Items == null) return;
    
    // Safe to proceed
    foreach (var item in order.Items)
    {
        ProcessItem(item);
    }
} 









6. Enable Nullable Reference Types



Configure your project to use nullable reference types for compile-time null safety:













7. Use Modern C# Features



Leverage pattern matching and other modern C# features for null safety:



// Pattern matching with null checks
if (user is { Name: not null } validUser)
{
    Console.WriteLine(validUser.Name);
}

// Null-coalescing assignment (C# 8.0)
name ??= "Default Name"; 











Debugging Tools and Techniques








1. Visual Studio Debugging Features



Visual Studio provides excellent tools for debugging null reference exceptions:




Exception Helper shows detailed information about the exception



Null Reference Analysis identifies which object is null



IntelliCode suggestions help prevent common null reference patterns









2. Unity-Specific Debugging



For Unity developers, additional considerations include:




Use Unity’s Console to track null references in game objects



Leverage Unity’s Inspector to ensure component assignments



Implement null checks in MonoBehaviour lifecycle methods









3. Logging and Monitoring








Implement comprehensive logging to track null reference issues in production:



public User GetUser(int id)
{
    try
    {
        var user = _repository.FindUser(id);
        if (user == null)
        {
            _logger.LogWarning($"User with ID {id} not found");
            return null;
        }
        return user;
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        _logger.LogError(ex, $"Error retrieving user {id}");
        throw ;
    }
} 











Best Practices Summary








To effectively handle null reference exceptions, follow these best practices:




Enable nullable reference types in new projects



Initialize variables immediately when possible



Use null-conditional operators (?.) for safe member access



Implement guard clauses at method entry points



Prefer exceptions over null returns when appropriate



Use dependency injection to manage object lifecycles



Write unit tests that cover null scenarios



Document null behavior in method contracts











Conclusion








NullReferenceException may be one of the most common errors in .NET development, but it’s entirely preventable with proper techniques and awareness. By understanding what causes null reference errors, implementing robust debugging strategies, and following prevention best practices, you can significantly reduce these exceptions in your applications.



The key to mastering null safety lies in adopting a defensive programming mindset, leveraging modern C# features like nullable reference types and null-conditional operators, and implementing comprehensive null checking throughout your codebase. Remember that preventing null references is always more efficient and reliable than handling them after they occur.



With the techniques and strategies outlined in this guide, you’ll be well-equipped to write more robust, error-free C# applications that gracefully handle null scenarios without compromising functionality or user experience.









Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)








What does “Object reference not set to an instance of an object” mean?



This error message indicates that you’re trying to use a reference variable that contains null instead of pointing to an actual object. The variable exists, but it doesn’t reference any object in memory.








How do I find which object is null in a method chain?



Break down the method chain into separate lines or use Visual Studio’s Null Reference Analysis feature. You can also use the null-conditional operator (?.) to safely navigate the chain.








Can NullReferenceException be caught and handled?



Yes, you can catch NullReferenceException using try-catch blocks, but this is generally not recommended as a primary solution. It’s better to prevent the exception through proper null checking.








What’s the difference between null-conditional operator and null-coalescing operator?



The null-conditional operator (?.) safely accesses members if the object is not null, while the null-coalescing operator (??) provides a default value when the object is null.








How do nullable reference types help prevent NullReferenceException?



Nullable reference types enable compile-time analysis that warns you about potential null reference issues before your code runs, allowing you to fix problems during development rather than at runtime.








Should I use try-catch to handle all NullReferenceException?



No, try-catch should not be your primary strategy. NullReferenceException typically indicates a programming error that should be fixed through proper null checking and defensive programming practices.





















Table of Contents
What is NullReferenceException?
How to Fix NullReferenceException1. Identify the Exact Location
2. Use Debugging Tools
3. Implement Null Checks
4. Use Safe Navigation Patterns
5. Provide Default Values
Advanced Debugging Techniques1. Using Debug.Assert for Development
2. Exception Handling with Try-Catch
3. Using Nullable Reference Types
Ways to Prevent NullReferenceException1. Defensive Programming
2. Initialize Variables Properly
3. Use Constructor Injection
4. Implement Null Object Pattern
5. Use Guard Clauses
6. Enable Nullable Reference Types
7. Use Modern C# Features
Debugging Tools and Techniques1. Visual Studio Debugging Features
2. Unity-Specific Debugging
3. Logging and Monitoring
Best Practices Summary
Conclusion
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)What does “Object reference not set to an instance of an object” mean?
How do I find which object is null in a method chain?
Can NullReferenceException be caught and handled?
What’s the difference between null-conditional operator and null-coalescing operator?
How do nullable reference types help prevent NullReferenceException?
Should I use try-catch to handle all NullReferenceException?



C# DateTime Format yyyy-mm-dd
admin — Sun, 03 Mar 2024 05:56:10 +0000











Working with dates and times is a common task in programming, and C# provides a robust DateTime structure to handle these scenarios. When you need to display or manipulate DateTime values as strings, it’s essential to understand how to format them. In C#, you can achieve this through custom formatting or by using standard format strings.








DateTime Format Examples:






    
        
            Format
            Result
        
    
    
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("t")
			4:05 PM
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("d")
			3/9/2024
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("T")
			4:05:07 PM
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("D")
			Sunday, March 09, 2024
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("f")
			Sunday, March 09, 2024 4:05 PM
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("F")
			Sunday, March 09, 2024 4:05:07 PM
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("g")
			3/9/2024 4:05 PM
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("G")
			3/9/2024 4:05:07 PM
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("m")
			March 09
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("y")
			March, 2024
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("r")
			Sun, 09 Mar 2024 16:05:07 GMT
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("s")
			2024-03-09T16:05:07
		
		
			DateTime.Now.ToString("u")
			2024-03-09 16:05:07Z
		
        
            dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy")
            05/29/2024
        
        
            dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy")
            Friday, 29 May 2024
        
        
            dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm")
            Friday, 29 May 2024 05:50
        
        
            dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy hh:mm tt")
            Friday, 29 May 2024 05:50 AM
        
        
            dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy H:mm")
            Friday, 29 May 2024 5:50
        
        
            dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy h:mm tt")
            Friday, 29 May 2024 5:50 AM
        
        
            dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss")
            Friday, 15 May 2024 06:40:02
        
        
            dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm")
            05/29/2024 05:50
        
        
            dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy hh:mm tt")
            05/29/2024 05:50 AM
        
        
            dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy H:mm")
            05/29/2024 5:50
        
        
            dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy h:mm tt")
            05/29/2024 5:50 AM
        
        
            dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss")
            05/29/2024 05:50:06
        
        
            dt.ToString("MMMM dd")
            May 29
        
        
            dt.ToString("yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd’T’HH’:’mm’:’ss.fffffffK")
            2024-05-16T05:50:06.7199222-04:00
        
        
            dt.ToString("ddd, dd MMM yyy HH’:’mm’:’ss ‘GMT’")
            Fri, 16 May 2024 05:50:06 GMT
        
        
            dt.ToString("yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd’T’HH’:’mm’:’ss")
            2024-05-16T05:50:06
        
        
            dt.ToString("HH:mm")
            05:50
        
        
            dt.ToString("hh:mm tt")
            05:50 AM
        
        
            dt.ToString("H:mm")
            5:50
        
        
            dt.ToString("h:mm tt")
            5:50 AM
        
        
            dt.ToString("HH:mm:ss")
            05:50:06
        
        
            dt.ToString("yyyy MMMM")
            2024 May
        
    











C# DateTime To String Format









Custom DateTime Formatting



Custom DateTime formatting in C# allows you to specify the exact format you want for displaying dates and times. This is achieved by using format specifiers that represent different components of the DateTime structure. 



To use custom formatting, you can call the ToString method on a DateTime object and pass the desired format string as an argument. For example:



DateTime myDateTime = DateTime.Now;
string formattedDateTime = myDateTime.ToString("dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy HH:mm:ss");
Console.WriteLine(formattedDateTime); 

//Output:
// Wednesday, March 02, 2024 15:30:45




In this example, the format string “dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy HH:mm:ss” represents the day of the week, full month name, day of the month, four-digit year, and time in 24-hour format.





other examples:



// Date numbers
DateTime.Now.ToString("M/d/yyyy");            // "3/2/2024"
DateTime.Now.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy");          // "03/02/2024"
DateTime.Now.ToString("MM/dd/yy");            // "03/02/24"


// Date names
DateTime.Now.ToString("ddd, MMM d, yyyy");    // "Sat, Mar 2, 2024"
DateTime.Now.ToString("dddd, MMMM d, yyyy");  // "Saturday, March 2, 2024" 









Standard DateTime Formatting



C# also provides standard DateTime formatting options through the ToString method. These options offer predefined formats for commonly used date and time representations. 



To use standard formatting, you can again call the ToString method on a DateTime object and pass the desired standard format string:



DateTime myDateTime = DateTime.Now;
string standardFormattedDateTime = myDateTime.ToString("F");
Console.WriteLine(standardFormattedDateTime);

//Output:
// Wednesday, March 02, 2024 15:30:45




In this example, the standard format string “F” is used to represent the full date and long time pattern.








Here are some common format specifiers:




    
        
            Specifier
            DateTimeFormatInfo property
            Pattern value
        
    
    
        
            d
            Short date pattern
            M/d/yyyy
(6/15/2023)
        
        
            D
            Long date pattern
            dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy
(Monday, June 15, 2023)
        
        
            t
            Short time pattern
            h:mm tt
(1:45 PM)
        
        
            T
            Long time pattern
            h:mm:ss tt
(1:45:30 PM)
        
        
            f
            Full date and short time pattern
            dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy h:mm tt
(Monday, June 15, 2023 1:45 PM)
        
        
            F
            Full date and long time pattern
            dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy h:mm:ss tt
(Monday, June 15, 2023 1:45:30 PM)
        
        
            g
            General short date and short time pattern
            M/d/yyyy h:mm tt
(6/15/2023 1:45 PM)
        
        
            G
            General short date and long time pattern
            M/d/yyyy h:mm:ss tt
(6/15/2023 1:45:30 PM)
        
        
            m, M
            Month and day pattern
            MMMM dd
(June 15)
			
        
        
            y, Y
            Year and month pattern
            MMMM, yyyy
(June 2023)
        
        
            ^* s
            Sortable date and time pattern
			yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd’T’HH’:’mm’:’ss
        
		
            ^* r, R
            RFC1123 Pattern
			ddd, dd MMM yyyy HH’:’mm’:’ss ‘GMT’
        
		
            ^* u
            Universal Sortable DateTime Pattern
			yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd HH’:’mm’:’ss’Z’
        
    




^* Standard Format Specifiers in String.Format method.









Format specifier list:






















Table of Contents
DateTime Format Examples:
C# DateTime To String FormatCustom DateTime Formatting
Standard DateTime Formatting








Reference: Microsoft.com







How to Read Excel Cell Values using Open XML in C# .Net Core
admin — Tue, 21 Nov 2023 15:46:09 +0000






C# .NET Core provides a robust platform for building applications that interact with Excel files making it easy to read Excel sheet’s cell value of any column type.  Open XML is an open standard file format for office applications, maintained by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is the default file format for Microsoft Office documents, including Excel (.xlsx) files. Open XML provides a structured way to represent document content, making it possible to interact with the various elements within an Office document programmatically. In this article, we will understand the process of reading Excel cell values using Open XML in a C# .NET Core application.



Step-by-step Guide to Read Excel Spreadsheet Cell Values from OpenXML in C# 








For demonstration purposes, we’re going to use a Web API to upload an Excel file. So before we begin, let’s ensure that you have a C# .NET Core project set up. Then, we’ll use the OpenXML package to read Excel sheet & its values in each cell and store them in a DataTable.








Install OpenXml SDK Nuget Package








Install an OpenXML Nuget Package into the Web API project, using either:



NuGet Package Manager:







Or



Package Manager Console:



PM>   Install-Package DocumentFormat.OpenXml -Version 3.0.0









After you install the package, you can include these assembly directives to use OpenXML, in the ‘Controller.cs’ class.



Namespaces:







using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Packaging;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Spreadsheet;











Create API to get an Excel file








Create an HTTP POST method in the controller class to receive the uploaded file from the API.







[HttpPost("UploadExcelFile")]
public IActionResult UploadExcelSheet(IFormFile uploadRegistration)
{
	string fileName = uploadRegistration.FileName;

	DataTable dt = ConvertExcelToDataTable(uploadRegistration);

	// write your logic,
	// example insert DataTable result into Database

	return Ok();
}









The API takes IFormFile as a parameter, representing a file sent with the HttpRequest. 










Read Data from Excel Sheet using OpenXML – C#












private DataTable ConvertExcelToDataTable(IFormFile uploadRegistration)
{
	//Create a new DataTable.
	DataTable dt = new DataTable();
	dt.Columns.Add("FIRST_NAME", typeof(string));
	dt.Columns.Add("LAST_NAME", typeof(string));
	dt.Columns.Add("PHONE_NUMBER", typeof(int));
	dt.Columns.Add("EMAIL", typeof(string));
	dt.Columns.Add("ADDRESS", typeof(string));

	using (SpreadsheetDocument doc = SpreadsheetDocument.Open(uploadRegistration.OpenReadStream(), false))
	{
		//Read the first Sheet from Excel file.
		Sheet sheet = doc.WorkbookPart.Workbook.Sheets.GetFirstChild<Sheet>();

		//Get the Worksheet instance.
		Worksheet worksheet = (doc.WorkbookPart.GetPartById(sheet.Id.Value) as WorksheetPart).Worksheet;

		//Fetch all the rows present in the Worksheet.
		IEnumerable<Row> rows = worksheet.GetFirstChild<SheetData>().Descendants<Row>();

		//Loop through the Worksheet rows.
		foreach (Row row in rows)
		{
			//If first row is header and you want to use same excel header name in Database column.
			if (row.RowIndex.Value == 1)
			{
				//foreach (Cell cell in row.Descendants())
				//{
				//    dt.Columns.Add(GetCellValue(doc, cell));
				//}
			}
			else
			{
				string firstName = GetCellValue(doc, (Cell)row.ElementAt(0));
				string lastName = GetCellValue(doc, (Cell)row.ElementAt(1));

				DataRow dataRow = dt.NewRow();

				// Validate if empty
				if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(firstName))
				{
					dataRow["FIRST_NAME"] = firstName.Trim();
				}

				if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(lastName))
				{
					dataRow["LAST_NAME"] = lastName.Trim();
				}

				dataRow["PHONE_NUMBER"] = GetCellValue(doc, (Cell)row.ElementAt(2)).Trim();

				dataRow["EMAIL"] = GetCellValue(doc, (Cell)row.ElementAt(3)).Trim();

				dataRow["ADDRESS"] = GetCellValue(doc, (Cell)row.ElementAt(4)).Trim();

				dt.Rows.Add(dataRow);
			}
		}

	}

	return dt;
}


private string GetCellValue(SpreadsheetDocument doc, Cell cell)
{
	if (cell.CellValue != null)
	{
		string value = cell.CellValue.InnerText;
		if (cell.DataType != null && cell.DataType.Value == CellValues.SharedString)
		{
			// in older version e.g. 2.0, you can use GetItem instead of ElementAt
			return doc.WorkbookPart.SharedStringTablePart.SharedStringTable.ChildElements.ElementAt(int.Parse(value)).InnerText;
		}
		else
		{
			return value;
		}
	}
	return string.Empty;
}





In this code:




We open the Excel file (RegistrationFormTest.xlsx in this case) using the SpreadsheetDocument.Open method.



We obtain the WorkbookPart and identify the first sheet in the workbook.



For each row in the sheet, we iterate through the cells, using the GetCellValue method to retrieve the cell value.



The GetCellValue method takes care of differentiating between shared string values and other types of cell values. It reads Excel Sheet cell value and stores the result in the DataTable.









also read: How to Export DataSet To Excel in C# .Net Core – OpenXml









Testing – Upload & Read Excel file








Let’s consider an example. I have a basic Excel file with the column and row information. Now, let’s attempt to upload and read the file using API, as shown in the screenshots below.








Screenshots:



sample excel file (RegistrationFormTest.xlsx)









upload excel file









get file via api









read cell value









output stored in Datatable












In this example, we demonstrate how to read Excel spreadsheet cell values and add results to the DataTable. However, you also have the option to save all records to a database. This can be done either through bulk insert or by saving each row individually, passing the values of each row via the property object.









Download & Try Yourself:
Read Excel File, .Net Core Web API Source code (VS 2022) – Download
Sample Excel File (RegistrationFormTest.xlsx) – Download
























Table of Contents
Step-by-step Guide to Read Excel Spreadsheet Cell Values from OpenXML in C# Install OpenXml SDK Nuget Package
Create API to get an Excel file
Read Data from Excel Sheet using OpenXML – C#
Testing – Upload & Read Excel file



WordPress Custom Rest API – Adding Endpoints
admin — Tue, 07 Nov 2023 15:19:07 +0000











Adding WordPress Custom Rest API Plugin



Sometimes you prefer to create a custom Rest API in PHP within the context of WordPress to return data in a structured format such as JSON which involves setting up custom routes. Here’s a step-by-step guide to creating & integrating a basic WordPress Custom REST API in a WordPress plugin.








Table of Contents
Set up a WordPress Plugin
Define WP API Route:
Create API Callback Function
Test Your API EndpointHow to find WP API endpoints or URLs?
Test WP Web API – Get Method()
Calling WordPress Custom Rest API from Javascript










Set up a WordPress Plugin








Go to ‘wp-content/plugins’ directory of your WordPress and create a PHP file (e.g., CustomApi.php) to serve as a main plugin file. 



cpanel – File Manger:







In this example, the plugin folder and PHP file names are the same. You can rename it.



You can follow simple 3 steps to create and activate a Custom Plugin in the WordPress Dashboard in a few minutes, check this link – How to Create Custom WordPress Plugin: 3 Easy Steps.









Note:
You can use the function.php file but it’s best practice to use a separate Plugin for Custom API.











Define WP API Route:








In your plugin file, use the add_action function to hook into WordPress and register your custom API route. Here’s an example of how to add an API route:



.php file:



function registe_api_routes() {
    register_rest_route('PublicAPIs/v1', '/GetTop10Items',
						array('methods' => 'GET', 'callback' => 'CallFun_GetTop10Items',)
						);
}

add_action('rest_api_init', 'registe_api_routes');











Parameter Description:



Parameters Inputs
Namespace PublicAPIs/v1
Endpoint GetTop10Items (Public URL)
https://yourdomain.com/wp-json/PublicAPIs/v1/GetTop10Items
Method Get method
callback function name CallFun_GetTop10Items
(Internal method that executes and sends back responses)










Create API Callback Function








Define the callback function you specified in the register_rest_route for your API route. This function will handle the request and return the data you want to show via the API.



In our example, whenever public API is called by an external source then the below code will be executed internally. 



.php file:



function CallFun_GetTop10Items() {
	// Your API logic here
	// Example:
	$args =  array('showposts' => 10, 'orderby' => 'post_date', 'order' => 'DESC','post_status' => 'publish');

	$query_result = query_posts($args);

	$postList = [];

	foreach ($query_result as $result) {
	  $postList[] = array( "post_title" => $result->post_title, "post_name" => $result->post_name);
	}

	return $postList;
	// or
	// return new WP_REST_Response($postList, 200);
}





.php code file – screenshots:




Method 1:








You can write the same code in a shorter way.



Method 2:














Test Your API Endpoint








You can now access your API endpoint and check if it is working as accepted.








How to find WP API endpoints or URLs?




Open the browser and open the Inspect element developer tool as well. (press f12 or right-click & click Inspect)



Go to https://yourdomain.com/wp-json/ to get wp-json list. 



Once it is loaded, navigate and go to routes



expand and go to the path (namespace/endpoint) that is defined in register_rest_route method, that is ‘PublicAPIs/v1/GetTop10Items‘



Get the API (full URL) as shown in the below screenshot. 
example: https://yourdomain.com/wp-json/PublicAPIs/v1/GetTop10Items



















Test WP Web API – Get Method()



Get API can be executed directly on the browser but for demo purposes, we will use the Postman tool to test our API.



The below screenshot demonstrates that a Get API request sends back a response as a JSON result via Postman tool.



Test API: https://yourdomain.com/wp-json/PublicAPIs/v1/GetTop10Items



wordpress api get posts:














Calling WordPress Custom Rest API from Javascript








You can use the fetch method in Javascript to call and get the response from the WordPress Custom Rest API, as demonstrated below.









Note:
You might get an error if the full URL is given with the domain name, so specify the internal URL in the fetch method as mentioned in the code.




















for more details check this link: https://developer.wordpress.org/rest-api/extending-the-rest-api/adding-custom-endpoints/







[C#] calendar invite/appointment as email attachment (.net)
admin — Mon, 21 Aug 2023 05:09:52 +0000






Create Calendar Invite Content – C# code








1) Just “copy & paste” the below code and modify – Start & End meeting datetime, meeting link/ location, body content, subject text, sender & attendee email ids.








StringBuilder strInvite = new StringBuilder();

strInvite.AppendLine("BEGIN:VCALENDAR");
strInvite.AppendLine("PRODID:-//Microsoft Corporation//Outlook 12.0 MIMEDIR//EN");
strInvite.AppendLine("VERSION:2.0");
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("METHOD:{0}", (isCancel ? "CANCEL" : "REQUEST")));
strInvite.AppendLine("METHOD:REQUEST");
strInvite.AppendLine("BEGIN:VEVENT");

strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("CREATED:{0:yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime()));

// Meeting Start DateTime
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("DTSTART:{0}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ")));

strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("DTSTAMP:{0:yyyyMMddTHHmmss}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime()));

// Meeting End DateTime
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("DTEND:{0:}", DateTime.Now.AddHours(1).ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ")));

strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("LAST-MODIFIED:{0:yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime()));

// web meeting link
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("LOCATION: {0}", eventUrlLink));
//or
//strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("LOCATION: {0}", eventLocationLink));

strInvite.AppendLine("PRIORITY: 5");
strInvite.AppendLine("SEQUENCE: 0");

strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("UID:{0}", (eventID.HasValue ? "EventId" + eventID : Guid.NewGuid().Tostring())));

// meeting realted message body content
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("DESCRIPTION:{0}", strMessageBody.Replace("\n", "
")));
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("X-ALT-DESC;FMTTYPE=text/html:{0}", strMessageBody.Replace("\n", "
")));

// meeging subject text
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("SUMMARY:{0}", subjectText));
strInvite.AppendLine("STATUS:CONFIRMED"); 

// sender email id
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("ORGANIZER;CN={0}:MAILTO:{1}", strMailFrom, strMailFrom));

// attendee email ids for meeting
strInvite.AppendLine(string.Format("ATTENDEE;CN={0};RSVP=TRUE:mailto:{1}", string.Join(",", strAttendeeMailTo), string.Join(",", strAttendeeMailTo)));

strInvite.AppendLine("BEGIN:VALARM");
strInvite.AppendLine("TRIGGER:-PT15M");
strInvite.AppendLine("ACTION:DISPLAY");
strInvite.AppendLine("DESCRIPTION:Reminder");
strInvite.AppendLine("END:VALARM");
strInvite.AppendLine("END:VEVENT");
strInvite.AppendLine("END:VCALENDAR");











2) Attach created Calendar invite to mail as (.ics) attachment








// create instance of MailMessage object
MailMessage mailMessage = new MailMessage
{
	// fill normal mail body content
	From = new MailAddress(strMailFrom, strSenderName),
	Subject = strSubject,
	Body = strBodyContent,
	IsBodyHtml = true
};

// attach meeting request calendar invite .ics file
byte[] byteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(strInvite);
MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(byteArray);
Attachment attach = new Attachment(stream, "event-meeting.ics");
mailMessage.Attachments.Add(attach);

// send mail
SmtpClient smtpClient = new SmtpClient
{
	// your credentials
};

smtpClient.Send(mailMessage);












 Looking for full code? Check this link – Sending email with file attachment, image as footer & calendar invite attachment









output:












[C#] Send email with attachment, footer & calendar invite (.net)
admin — Sun, 20 Aug 2023 15:27:51 +0000















Sending emails with attachments is a common task in many applications, whether it’s for sharing documents, images, or other files with recipients. In this article, we will explore how to send an email with a file attachment including inserting an image as a footer after the HTML body content, as well as creating a meeting invitation through ‘.ICS’ file attachment using C# code, making use of the built-in .NET framework classes.



The below screenshot shows a sample output generated through C# code which covers all the methods & logic required for sending an email via the SMTP server.













For sending emails, we need:




Email settings (SMTP server, port number, sender email credentials, recipient email addresses).



HTML Message/ body content.



File for Attachment.



File (Image) for adding logo in the footer section (using LinkedResource & AlternateView Classes).



Calendar invitations (.ics) file for a meeting request or Calendar invite. (Calendar Appointment As Email Attachment)









Let’s start implementing sending-email functionality in the .Net project using C# code, step-by-step.









Set Up Your Project








First, create a new C# application project in your preferred development environment. 



For demo purposes, we will implement this code in the Web API project. The folder and file structure of the solution project is shown below.














Configuring Email Settings








To send an email, you need a valid SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server address, a valid email address for the sender, and the recipient’s email address. 



We will use Gmail as SMTP server in our example. Ensure you have access to this basic information before proceeding.   



1) smtp server = "smtp.gmail.com";
2) port = 587; // Change if your SMTP server uses a different port
3) sender email e.g., "sender_email@gmail.com";
4) sender app password e.g., "sender_app_password";
5) recipient email e.g., "recipient@outlook.com"; 









Important – Configure Google Security:
 Before proceeding further, please go to your google account and enable 2-Step Verification & generate an app password for authentication purpose as well as to establish a secure connection via code.
Check this link – How to enable 2-Step verification & set app passwords in your Google account.







Note:
 Gmail Authentication is required for sending emails. Make sure you have enabled SSL security in your Gmail Settings so that application(code) can access your mailbox.
If the connection is not established through a secure channel (2-Step Verification) then you will get an authentication failed error message – “The SMTP server requires a secure connection or the client was not authenticated. The server response was: 5.5.1 Authentication Required.”














Sending Email With Content, Attachments & calendar invite – C# code 








Next, we’ll create separate classes and methods that send an email with attachments. In this example, we’ll send a simple text email with a single attachment, footer logo image & meeting request(.ics file) but you can customize it to suit your needs.








Step 1: Create {get set} email property class








Create a property class (MailTemplateProperty.cs) that will serve and get all the essential details for sending an email, such as the SMTP server address, valid email addresses for both the sender and recipient, as well as any attachments such as files, footers, and calendar invite/appointment information.







public class MailTemplateProperty
{
	// "SMTP Configuration/Credential"
	public string SmtpClientHost { get; set; }
	public int SmtpClientPort { get; set; }
	public bool SmtpClientEnableSSL { get; set; }
	public string CredentialUserName { get; set; }
	public string CredentialPass { get; set; }

	// "Compose Email"
	public string SenderName { get; set; }
	public string MailFrom { get; set; }
	public string MailTo { get; set; }
	public string MailCC { get; set; }
	public string Subject { get; set; }
	public string Body { get; set; }


	/* ===== Optional Setting ===== */

	// "File attachments"
	public Attachment Attachment { get; set; } = null;

	// "Adding logo/image on footer"
	public string Footer { get; set; } = null;

	// Attach Calendar or meeting properties
	public string StartDateTime { get; set; }
	public string EndDateTime { get; set; }
	public string EventLink { get; set; }
	public string EventLocation { get; set; }
	public string Attendee { get; set; }
} 











Step 2: Create a Class & methods to send mail








It is a good practice to keep all email-sending related functionalities in a separate Class. We create a class called ‘Mail.cs‘ with a function called ‘Send()‘ inside. This function sends an email using the details you provide.



We need to implement all mail-related logic and code implementation in this class, such as:



a) File attachment



Use the Attachment Class from ‘System.Net.Mail’ Namespace. In this example, the code shows that you can pass a file as a parameter either by passing ‘file as MemoryStream with the name’ or mentioning the full physical path & name of the file. 



b) Attaching Logo Image as footer note(inline)



We need to use LinkedResource & AlternateView Classes in the mail code to display embedded image(s) in the footer section. How to work with Alternate view – To add an alternate view to a MailMessage object, create an Attachment for the view, and then add it to the collection returned by AlternateViews. Use the Body property to specify the text version and use the AlternateViews collection to specify views with other MIME types.



c) Calendar Appointment As Email Attachment (.ics)



Calendar invitation or ‘. ics’ file is a calendar file saved in a universal calendar format used by several email and calendar programs, including Google Calendar, Microsoft Outlook, and Apple Calendar. It allows adding a calendar link in an email message and users to share the event information on the web and over email which will alert/ remind recipients prior to scheduled meeting time.



d) Common logic




accepting mail body (plain text or HTML as string) and subject text



Getting mandatory credential info so that mail can be sent without any failure 




All of these functionalities & logic have been incorporated in the code provided below. 









Mail.cs – full code – just copy & paste



Ensure you have added the necessary namespace for email functionality.







using System.Net;
using System.Net.Mail;
using System.Net.Mime;
using System.Text; 









Code implementation.






public class Mail
{
	// Main method for sending mail
	public static bool Send(MailTemplateProperty mailTemplate)
	{
		string meetingMessageBody = mailTemplate.Body;

		mailTemplate.MailFrom = mailTemplate.MailFrom.Trim(',').Trim(';');

		if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(mailTemplate.MailFrom))
			return false;
		try
		{
			MailMessage mailMessage = new MailMessage
			{
				From = new MailAddress(mailTemplate.MailFrom,
								string.IsNullOrEmpty(mailTemplate.SenderName) ? mailTemplate.MailFrom : mailTemplate.SenderName),
				Subject = mailTemplate.Subject,
				Body = mailTemplate.Body,
				IsBodyHtml = true
			};

			// Adding File Attachment
			if (null != mailTemplate.Attachment)
				mailMessage.Attachments.Add(mailTemplate.Attachment);

// Adding To & CC email addresses, 
			mailTemplate.MailTo = mailTemplate.MailTo.Trim();
			mailMessage.To.Add(mailTemplate.MailTo);
			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(mailTemplate.MailCC) && mailTemplate.MailCC.Length > 0)
				mailMessage.CC.Add(mailTemplate.MailCC);

// Adding logo-Image as Footer
			if (mailTemplate.Footer != null)
			{
				LinkedResource res = new LinkedResource(mailTemplate.Footer)
				{
					ContentId = Guid.NewGuid().ToString()
				};
				mailTemplate.Body += @" + res.ContentId + @"'/>";
				AlternateView avHtml = AlternateView.CreateAlternateViewFromString(mailTemplate.Body, null, MediaTypeNames.Text.Html);
				avHtml.LinkedResources.Add(res);
				mailMessage.AlternateViews.Add(avHtml);
			}

// Adding Meeting Request
			byte[] byteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(MeetingRequestString(mailTemplate.Subject, meetingMessageBody, mailTemplate));
			MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(byteArray);
			Attachment attach = new Attachment(stream, "event-meeting.ics");
			mailMessage.Attachments.Add(attach);

// Finally, sending mail via Gmail, SMTP client info with credentials.
			SmtpClient smtpClient = new SmtpClient
			{
				Host = mailTemplate.SmtpClientHost,
				Port = mailTemplate.SmtpClientPort,
				EnableSsl = mailTemplate.SmtpClientEnableSSL,
				Credentials = new NetworkCredential(mailTemplate.CredentialUserName, mailTemplate.CredentialPass),
			};

// Send mail by SMTP.
			smtpClient.Send(mailMessage);

			return true;
		}
		catch (SmtpFailedRecipientException ex)
		{
			// LogError(ex.ToString());
			return false;
			//throw new Exception();
		}
		catch (SmtpException ex)
		{
			// LogError(ex.ToString());
			return false;
			//throw new Exception();
		}
		catch (Exception ex)
		{
			// LogError(ex.ToString());
			return false;
			//throw new Exception();
		}
	}


// Email Meeting Request- ics meeting/ Calendar invite Code
// Attaching calendar appointment
	private static string MeetingRequestString(string subject, string messageBody, MailTemplateProperty mailTemplate, int? eventID = null, bool isCancel = false)
	{
		StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();

		str.AppendLine("BEGIN:VCALENDAR");
		str.AppendLine("PRODID:-//Microsoft Corporation//Outlook 12.0 MIMEDIR//EN");
		str.AppendLine("VERSION:2.0");
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("METHOD:{0}", (isCancel ? "CANCEL" : "REQUEST")));
		str.AppendLine("METHOD:REQUEST");
		str.AppendLine("BEGIN:VEVENT");

		str.AppendLine(string.Format("CREATED:{0:yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime()));

		// Date format - yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("DTSTART:{0}", mailTemplate.StartDateTime));
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("DTSTAMP:{0:yyyyMMddTHHmmss}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime()));
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("DTEND:{0:}", mailTemplate.EndDateTime));

		str.AppendLine(string.Format("LAST-MODIFIED:{0:yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ}", DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime()));

		// web meeting link
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("LOCATION: {0}", mailTemplate.EventLink));
		//or
		//str.AppendLine(string.Format("LOCATION: {0}", mailTemplate.EventLocation));

		str.AppendLine("PRIORITY: 5");
		str.AppendLine("SEQUENCE: 0");

		str.AppendLine(string.Format("UID:{0}", (eventID.HasValue ? "EventId" + eventID : Guid.NewGuid().ToString())));
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("DESCRIPTION:{0}", messageBody.Replace("\n", "
")));
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("X-ALT-DESC;FMTTYPE=text/html:{0}", messageBody.Replace("\n", "
")));
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("SUMMARY:{0}", subject));
		str.AppendLine("STATUS:CONFIRMED"); 
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("ORGANIZER;CN={0}:MAILTO:{1}", mailTemplate.MailFrom, mailTemplate.MailFrom));
		str.AppendLine(string.Format("ATTENDEE;CN={0};RSVP=TRUE:mailto:{1}", string.Join(",", mailTemplate.Attendee), string.Join(",", mailTemplate.Attendee)));

		str.AppendLine("BEGIN:VALARM");
		str.AppendLine("TRIGGER:-PT15M");
		str.AppendLine("ACTION:DISPLAY");
		str.AppendLine("DESCRIPTION:Reminder");
		str.AppendLine("END:VALARM");
		str.AppendLine("END:VEVENT");
		str.AppendLine("END:VCALENDAR");

		return str.ToString();
	}
} 











Note:
 In this example, code will return a true (bool) value if mail is sent successfully else a false value in case of any exception(failure). You can log errors or implement other logic in the catch{} section or modify method behaviour as per your need.










Step 3: Call & execute Mail.Send() Method








Common C# code for sending email via SMTP is completed. Now we can call & execute this Mail.Send() method from Controller (SendEmails.cs) or another code page in two steps: 



a) Set all Property values



Before calling the Mail.Send() method, set all necessary property values (get all input & assign its values), see the sample below.






MailTemplateProperty mailTemplate = new MailTemplateProperty
{
	// "Gmail SMTP Configuration/Credential"
	SmtpClientHost = "smtp.gmail.com",
	SmtpClientPort = 587,
	SmtpClientEnableSSL = true,
	CredentialUserName = "sender_emailId@example.com",
	CredentialPass = "google_app_password",

	// "Compose Email"
	SenderName = "Admin",
	MailFrom = "sender_emailId@gmail.com",
	MailTo = "recipient_emailId@outlook.com",
	MailCC = string.Empty,
	Subject = "Next Team Meeting",
	Body = "This is a test mail from admin.",

	// "File attachments"
	//Attachment = new System.Net.Mail.Attachment(mailAttachmentFile.OpenReadStream(), "Meeging.pdf"),
	// or
	Attachment = new System.Net.Mail.Attachment(Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location) + "/Files/Meeting.pdf"),

	// "Adding logo/image on footer"
	Footer = Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location) + "/Images/MailFooterLogo.png",

	// Attach Calendar or meeting properties
	StartDateTime = DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ"),
	EndDateTime = DateTime.Now.AddHours(1).ToUniversalTime().ToString("yyyyMMddTHHmmssZ"),
	// MS Teams or Skype or webex meeting link
	EventLink = "https://www.webex.com/test-meeting.html",
	EventLocation = "Online",
	Attendee = "recipient_emailId@outlook.com"
};











b) Finally, Call Mail.Send() Method



Now, call Mail.Send() method by passing ‘mailTemplate‘ object as a parameter.







Mail.Send(mailTemplate); 











That’s it, test the code. if sending mail is successful then the recipient(s) will receive the email in a few seconds. In case of failure, it will return false status as a bool value.
But you can also log an error or throw an exception based on your requirement.








Screenshots





Method 1:



You can get the file attachment from Azure blob storage but in this example, the Meeting.pdf file is attached from the Root folder, see the below screenshot.













Method 2:



You can use IFormFile to receive a file as input from the front-end application and send it as an attachment, please see the implementation in the screenshot.













Download Source Code and try it yourself (open sample project using Visual Studio 2022)



















	popular readings:
		
			– Configure free Cloudflare SSL certificate for Godaddy Shared Webhosting
– How to Create Custom WordPress Plugin: 3 Easy Steps
– How to Create MIME Types Custom Class in C#
– How to extract images from PDF using iText7 in [C#] .Net
– Easy Integration of WordPress API in C# .Net
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– What is Dapper micro-ORM in C#?
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Table of Contents
For sending emails, we need:
Set Up Your Project
Configuring Email Settings
Sending Email With Content, Attachments & calendar invite – C# code 
Step 1: Create {get set} email property class
Step 2: Create a Class & methods to send maila) File attachment
b) Attaching Logo Image as footer note(inline)
c) Calendar Appointment As Email Attachment (.ics)
d) Common logic
Step 3: Call & execute Mail.Send() Methoda) Set all Property values
b) Finally, Call Mail.Send() Method



How to Create Custom WordPress Plugin: 3 Easy Steps
admin — Tue, 02 May 2023 08:57:00 +0000






A custom plugin is an alternative method of storing functions for your website. WordPress is so popular because of its open-source content management system (CMS) and there are over millions of plugins widely available but we will see how to create plugin in WordPress with examples and adding custom codes instead of using a function.php file








Table of Contents
Reason to avoid function.php file
How to Create a WordPress Plugin (In 3 Steps)Step 1: Create the Plugin File
Step 2: Install Custom Plugin into WordPress
Step 3: Edit Plugin & Add Code









Reason to avoid function.php file








You can also include additional code in the theme’s functions.php file but whenever there is a theme update or switching to a different theme in the future, you will lose these changes(additional codes). And every time you must back up your custom codes whenever there is a theme update. 



To avoid such a problem, you can create your own plugin and use custom code in that. Benefit – The theme update won’t affect the plugin code.



Now, we will see how to create plugin in PHP (text file) and add it in WordPress. 









How to Create a WordPress Plugin (In 3 Steps)








Recommendation – It is best practice to create a new Plugin in the local environment first and after successful testing deploy it in the live environment. 



Let’s look at how to create a plugin for a website from scratch in 3 steps








Step 1: Create the Plugin File








Open a new Notepad or text file.



Provide basic information for a new plugin, mentioned below:



Plugin Name any name, e.g., MyPlugin
Plugin URI give your URL, e.g., https://google.com/
Description Short note
Version any number, e.g., 1
Author any name








Copy & paste the below code into the notepad. Code should start with 



MyPlugin
Plugin URI: https://google.com/
Description: My custom functions
Version: 1
Author: Myself
*/




Save the file, example – MyPlugin.php. 








Screenshot














Next, zip the php file (MyPlugin.php)



– right-click on file 
– go to ‘Send to‘ 
– click on Compressed (zipped) folder.







Screenshot













Step 2: Install Custom Plugin into WordPress








1. Go to WordPress admin (https://www.yoursite.com/wp-admin)



2. go to – Plugin >> Add New



3. Click on ‘Upload Plugin‘



4. ‘Choose file‘ and upload the zip file (MyPlugin.zip) 



5. Click on ‘Install Now‘



6. After successful Installation, click on ‘Activate Plugin‘



Click on Plugins, you can see the newly created custom Plugin with the description as shown in the below screenshot. 













Step 3: Edit Plugin & Add Code








Next, go to Plugin >> Plugin File Editor 



On the top-right,  select the custom plugin ‘MyPlugin‘ from the dropdown and click the ‘Select‘ button.












Write your php code in the editor and click on ‘Update File‘ 



That’s it, test your code if it is working as expected.










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Reference: WordPress







How to Create MIME Types Custom Class in C#
admin — Sat, 08 Apr 2023 14:21:09 +0000






This post explains, how to create a custom class and methods to get MIME type by file name or extension and vice-versa. MediaTypeNames class is also available that exists in System.Net.Mime namespace but the listed mime types or extensions are very limited. But I have mentioned more than 1300 MIME Types in the mapping list.



Steps to Create Mime Type Custom Class




Create a Static class called MimeType (.cs file)



give a unique name for the namespace as well.



declare a read-only dictionary field that contains the list of all MIME types.



Create two public static methods:

1) GetMimeType(): to get MIME type by file name or extension



2) GetExtension(): to get file extension by mime type











Mime Type Class – full C# code



Simply copy & paste the entire code in MimeType.cs file, given below. 



code usage & output – example













Full code







namespace Utility
{
    public static class MimeType
    {
        private const string Dot = ".";
        private static readonly Lazystring, string>> _mappings = new Lazystring, string>>
        (() => new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
        {
            #region 
            [".123"] = "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
            [".323"] = "text/h323",
            [".3dml"] = "text/vnd.in3d.3dml",
            [".3ds"] = "image/x-3ds",
            [".3g2"] = "video/3gpp2",
            [".3gp"] = "video/3gpp",
            [".3gp2"] = "video/3gpp2",
            [".3gpp"] = "video/3gpp",
            [".7z"] = "application/x-7z-compressed",
            [".aa"] = "audio/audible",
            [".aab"] = "application/x-authorware-bin",
            [".aac"] = "audio/x-aac",
            [".AAC"] = "audio/aac",
            [".aaf"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".aam"] = "application/x-authorware-map",
            [".aas"] = "application/x-authorware-seg",
            [".aax"] = "audio/vnd.audible.aax",
            [".abw"] = "application/x-abiword",
            [".ac"] = "application/pkix-attr-cert",
            [".ac3"] = "audio/ac3",
            [".aca"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".acc"] = "application/vnd.americandynamics.acc",
            [".accda"] = "application/msaccess.addin",
            [".accdb"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".accdc"] = "application/msaccess.cab",
            [".accde"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".accdr"] = "application/msaccess.runtime",
            [".accdt"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".accdw"] = "application/msaccess.webapplication",
            [".accft"] = "application/msaccess.ftemplate",
            [".ace"] = "application/x-ace-compressed",
            [".acu"] = "application/vnd.acucobol",
            [".acutc"] = "application/vnd.acucorp",
            [".acx"] = "application/internet-property-stream",
            [".AddIn"] = "text/xml",
            [".ade"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".adobebridge"] = "application/x-bridge-url",
            [".adp"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".ADT"] = "audio/vnd.dlna.adts",
            [".ADTS"] = "audio/aac",
            [".aep"] = "application/vnd.audiograph",
            [".afm"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".afp"] = "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
            [".ahead"] = "application/vnd.ahead.space",
            [".ai"] = "application/postscript",
            [".aif"] = "audio/aiff",
            [".aifc"] = "audio/aiff",
            [".aiff"] = "audio/aiff",
            [".air"] = "application/vnd.adobe.air-application-installer-package+zip",
            [".ait"] = "application/vnd.dvb.ait",
            [".amc"] = "application/mpeg",
            [".ami"] = "application/vnd.amiga.ami",
            [".anx"] = "application/annodex",
            [".apk"] = "application/vnd.android.package-archive",
            [".apng"] = "image/apng",
            [".appcache"] = "text/cache-manifest",
            [".application"] = "application/x-ms-application",
            [".apr"] = "application/vnd.lotus-approach",
            [".arc"] = "application/x-freearc",
            [".art"] = "image/x-jg",
            [".asa"] = "application/xml",
            [".asax"] = "application/xml",
            [".asc"] = "application/pgp-signature",
            [".ascx"] = "application/xml",
            [".asd"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".asf"] = "video/x-ms-asf",
            [".ashx"] = "application/xml",
            [".asi"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".asm"] = "text/plain",
            [".asmx"] = "application/xml",
            [".aso"] = "application/vnd.accpac.simply.aso",
            [".aspx"] = "application/xml",
            [".asr"] = "video/x-ms-asf",
            [".asx"] = "video/x-ms-asf",
            [".atc"] = "application/vnd.acucorp",
            [".atom"] = "application/atom+xml",
            [".atomcat"] = "application/atomcat+xml",
            [".atomsvc"] = "application/atomsvc+xml",
            [".atx"] = "application/vnd.antix.game-component",
            [".au"] = "audio/basic",
            [".avci"] = "image/avci",
            [".avcs"] = "image/avcs",
            [".avi"] = "video/x-msvideo",
            [".avif"] = "image/avif",
            [".avifs"] = "image/avif-sequence",
            [".aw"] = "application/applixware",
            [".axa"] = "audio/annodex",
            [".axs"] = "application/olescript",
            [".axv"] = "video/annodex",
            [".azf"] = "application/vnd.airzip.filesecure.azf",
            [".azs"] = "application/vnd.airzip.filesecure.azs",
            [".azw"] = "application/vnd.amazon.ebook",
            [".bas"] = "text/plain",
            [".bat"] = "application/x-msdownload",
            [".bcpio"] = "application/x-bcpio",
            [".bdf"] = "application/x-font-bdf",
            [".bdm"] = "application/vnd.syncml.dm+wbxml",
            [".bed"] = "application/vnd.realvnc.bed",
            [".bh2"] = "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs",
            [".bin"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".blb"] = "application/x-blorb",
            [".blorb"] = "application/x-blorb",
            [".bmi"] = "application/vnd.bmi",
            [".bmp"] = "image/bmp",
            [".book"] = "application/vnd.framemaker",
            [".box"] = "application/vnd.previewsystems.box",
            [".boz"] = "application/x-bzip2",
            [".bpk"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".btif"] = "image/prs.btif",
            [".bz"] = "application/x-bzip",
            [".bz2"] = "application/x-bzip2",
            [".c"] = "text/plain",
            [".c11amc"] = "application/vnd.cluetrust.cartomobile-config",
            [".c11amz"] = "application/vnd.cluetrust.cartomobile-config-pkg",
            [".c4d"] = "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
            [".c4f"] = "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
            [".c4g"] = "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
            [".c4p"] = "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
            [".c4u"] = "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
            [".cab"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".caf"] = "audio/x-caf",
            [".calx"] = "application/vnd.ms-office.calx",
            [".cap"] = "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
            [".car"] = "application/vnd.curl.car",
            [".cat"] = "application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat",
            [".cb7"] = "application/x-cbr",
            [".cba"] = "application/x-cbr",
            [".cbr"] = "application/x-cbr",
            [".cbt"] = "application/x-cbr",
            [".cbz"] = "application/x-cbr",
            [".cc"] = "text/plain",
            [".cct"] = "application/x-director",
            [".ccxml"] = "application/ccxml+xml",
            [".cd"] = "text/plain",
            [".cdbcmsg"] = "application/vnd.contact.cmsg",
            [".cdda"] = "audio/aiff",
            [".cdf"] = "application/x-cdf",
            [".cdkey"] = "application/vnd.mediastation.cdkey",
            [".cdmia"] = "application/cdmi-capability",
            [".cdmic"] = "application/cdmi-container",
            [".cdmid"] = "application/cdmi-domain",
            [".cdmio"] = "application/cdmi-object",
            [".cdmiq"] = "application/cdmi-queue",
            [".cdx"] = "chemical/x-cdx",
            [".cdxml"] = "application/vnd.chemdraw+xml",
            [".cdy"] = "application/vnd.cinderella",
            [".cer"] = "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
            [".cfg"] = "text/plain",
            [".cfs"] = "application/x-cfs-compressed",
            [".cgm"] = "image/cgm",
            [".chat"] = "application/x-chat",
            [".chm"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".chrt"] = "application/vnd.kde.kchart",
            [".cif"] = "chemical/x-cif",
            [".cii"] = "application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation",
            [".cil"] = "application/vnd.ms-artgalry",
            [".cla"] = "application/vnd.claymore",
            [".class"] = "application/x-java-applet",
            [".clkk"] = "application/vnd.crick.clicker.keyboard",
            [".clkp"] = "application/vnd.crick.clicker.palette",
            [".clkt"] = "application/vnd.crick.clicker.template",
            [".clkw"] = "application/vnd.crick.clicker.wordbank",
            [".clkx"] = "application/vnd.crick.clicker",
            [".clp"] = "application/x-msclip",
            [".cmc"] = "application/vnd.cosmocaller",
            [".cmd"] = "text/plain",
            [".cmdf"] = "chemical/x-cmdf",
            [".cml"] = "chemical/x-cml",
            [".cmp"] = "application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu",
            [".cmx"] = "image/x-cmx",
            [".cnf"] = "text/plain",
            [".cod"] = "image/cis-cod",
            [".com"] = "application/x-msdownload",
            [".conf"] = "text/plain",
            [".config"] = "application/xml",
            [".contact"] = "text/x-ms-contact",
            [".coverage"] = "application/xml",
            [".cpio"] = "application/x-cpio",
            [".cpp"] = "text/plain",
            [".cpt"] = "application/mac-compactpro",
            [".crd"] = "application/x-mscardfile",
            [".crl"] = "application/pkix-crl",
            [".crt"] = "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
            [".cryptonote"] = "application/vnd.rig.cryptonote",
            [".cs"] = "text/plain",
            [".csdproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".csh"] = "application/x-csh",
            [".csml"] = "chemical/x-csml",
            [".csp"] = "application/vnd.commonspace",
            [".csproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".css"] = "text/css",
            [".cst"] = "application/x-director",
            [".csv"] = "text/csv",
            [".cu"] = "application/cu-seeme",
            [".cur"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".curl"] = "text/vnd.curl",
            [".cww"] = "application/prs.cww",
            [".cxt"] = "application/x-director",
            [".cxx"] = "text/plain",
            [".czx"] = "application/x-czx",
            [".dae"] = "model/vnd.collada+xml",
            [".daf"] = "application/vnd.mobius.daf",
            [".dart"] = "application/vnd.dart",
            [".dat"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".dataless"] = "application/vnd.fdsn.seed",
            [".datasource"] = "application/xml",
            [".davmount"] = "application/davmount+xml",
            [".dbk"] = "application/docbook+xml",
            [".dbproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".dcr"] = "application/x-director",
            [".dcurl"] = "text/vnd.curl.dcurl",
            [".dd2"] = "application/vnd.oma.dd2+xml",
            [".ddd"] = "application/vnd.fujixerox.ddd",
            [".deb"] = "application/x-debian-package",
            [".def"] = "text/plain",
            [".deploy"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".der"] = "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
            [".dfac"] = "application/vnd.dreamfactory",
            [".dgc"] = "application/x-dgc-compressed",
            [".dgml"] = "application/xml",
            [".dib"] = "image/bmp",
            [".dic"] = "text/x-c",
            [".dif"] = "video/x-dv",
            [".dir"] = "application/x-director",
            [".dis"] = "application/vnd.mobius.dis",
            [".disco"] = "text/xml",
            [".dist"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".distz"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".divx"] = "video/divx",
            [".djv"] = "image/vnd.djvu",
            [".djvu"] = "image/vnd.djvu",
            [".dll"] = "application/x-msdownload",
            [".dll.config"] = "text/xml",
            [".dlm"] = "text/dlm",
            [".dmg"] = "application/x-apple-diskimage",
            [".dmp"] = "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
            [".dms"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".dna"] = "application/vnd.dna",
            [".doc"] = "application/msword",
            [".docm"] = "application/vnd.ms-word.document.macroEnabled.12",
            [".docx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
            [".dot"] = "application/msword",
            [".dotm"] = "application/vnd.ms-word.template.macroEnabled.12",
            [".dotx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.template",
            [".dp"] = "application/vnd.osgi.dp",
            [".dpg"] = "application/vnd.dpgraph",
            [".dra"] = "audio/vnd.dra",
            [".dsc"] = "text/prs.lines.tag",
            [".dsp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".dssc"] = "application/dssc+der",
            [".dsw"] = "text/plain",
            [".dtb"] = "application/x-dtbook+xml",
            [".dtd"] = "text/xml",
            [".dts"] = "audio/vnd.dts",
            [".dtsConfig"] = "text/xml",
            [".dtshd"] = "audio/vnd.dts.hd",
            [".dump"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".dv"] = "video/x-dv",
            [".dvb"] = "video/vnd.dvb.file",
            [".dvi"] = "application/x-dvi",
            [".dwf"] = "drawing/x-dwf",
            [".dwg"] = "application/acad",
            [".dwp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".dxf"] = "application/x-dxf",
            [".dxp"] = "application/vnd.spotfire.dxp",
            [".dxr"] = "application/x-director",
            [".ecelp4800"] = "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp4800",
            [".ecelp7470"] = "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp7470",
            [".ecelp9600"] = "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp9600",
            [".ecma"] = "application/ecmascript",
            [".edm"] = "application/vnd.novadigm.edm",
            [".edx"] = "application/vnd.novadigm.edx",
            [".efif"] = "application/vnd.picsel",
            [".ei6"] = "application/vnd.pg.osasli",
            [".elc"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".emf"] = "image/emf",
            [".eml"] = "message/rfc822",
            [".emma"] = "application/emma+xml",
            [".emz"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".eol"] = "audio/vnd.digital-winds",
            [".eot"] = "application/vnd.ms-fontobject",
            [".eps"] = "application/postscript",
            [".epub"] = "application/epub+zip",
            [".es"] = "application/ecmascript",
            [".es3"] = "application/vnd.eszigno3+xml",
            [".esa"] = "application/vnd.osgi.subsystem",
            [".esf"] = "application/vnd.epson.esf",
            [".et3"] = "application/vnd.eszigno3+xml",
            [".etl"] = "application/etl",
            [".etx"] = "text/x-setext",
            [".eva"] = "application/x-eva",
            [".evy"] = "application/envoy",
            [".exe"] = "application/vnd.microsoft.portable-executable",
            [".exe.config"] = "text/xml",
            [".exi"] = "application/exi",
            [".ext"] = "application/vnd.novadigm.ext",
            [".ez"] = "application/andrew-inset",
            [".ez2"] = "application/vnd.ezpix-album",
            [".ez3"] = "application/vnd.ezpix-package",
            [".f"] = "text/x-fortran",
            [".f4v"] = "video/mp4",
            [".f77"] = "text/x-fortran",
            [".f90"] = "text/x-fortran",
            [".fbs"] = "image/vnd.fastbidsheet",
            [".fcdt"] = "application/vnd.adobe.formscentral.fcdt",
            [".fcs"] = "application/vnd.isac.fcs",
            [".fdf"] = "application/vnd.fdf",
            [".fe_launch"] = "application/vnd.denovo.fcselayout-link",
            [".fg5"] = "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp",
            [".fgd"] = "application/x-director",
            [".fh"] = "image/x-freehand",
            [".fh4"] = "image/x-freehand",
            [".fh5"] = "image/x-freehand",
            [".fh7"] = "image/x-freehand",
            [".fhc"] = "image/x-freehand",
            [".fif"] = "application/fractals",
            [".fig"] = "application/x-xfig",
            [".filters"] = "application/xml",
            [".fla"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".flac"] = "audio/flac",
            [".fli"] = "video/x-fli",
            [".flo"] = "application/vnd.micrografx.flo",
            [".flr"] = "x-world/x-vrml",
            [".flv"] = "video/x-flv",
            [".flw"] = "application/vnd.kde.kivio",
            [".flx"] = "text/vnd.fmi.flexstor",
            [".fly"] = "text/vnd.fly",
            [".fm"] = "application/vnd.framemaker",
            [".fnc"] = "application/vnd.frogans.fnc",
            [".for"] = "text/x-fortran",
            [".fpx"] = "image/vnd.fpx",
            [".frame"] = "application/vnd.framemaker",
            [".fsc"] = "application/vnd.fsc.weblaunch",
            [".fsscript"] = "application/fsharp-script",
            [".fst"] = "image/vnd.fst",
            [".fsx"] = "application/fsharp-script",
            [".ftc"] = "application/vnd.fluxtime.clip",
            [".fti"] = "application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation",
            [".fvt"] = "video/vnd.fvt",
            [".fxp"] = "application/vnd.adobe.fxp",
            [".fxpl"] = "application/vnd.adobe.fxp",
            [".fzs"] = "application/vnd.fuzzysheet",
            [".g2w"] = "application/vnd.geoplan",
            [".g3"] = "image/g3fax",
            [".g3w"] = "application/vnd.geospace",
            [".gac"] = "application/vnd.groove-account",
            [".gam"] = "application/x-tads",
            [".gbr"] = "application/rpki-ghostbusters",
            [".gca"] = "application/x-gca-compressed",
            [".gdl"] = "model/vnd.gdl",
            [".generictest"] = "application/xml",
            [".geo"] = "application/vnd.dynageo",
            [".geojson"] = "application/geo+json",
            [".gex"] = "application/vnd.geometry-explorer",
            [".ggb"] = "application/vnd.geogebra.file",
            [".ggt"] = "application/vnd.geogebra.tool",
            [".ghf"] = "application/vnd.groove-help",
            [".gif"] = "image/gif",
            [".gim"] = "application/vnd.groove-identity-message",
            [".gml"] = "application/gml+xml",
            [".gmx"] = "application/vnd.gmx",
            [".gnumeric"] = "application/x-gnumeric",
            [".gph"] = "application/vnd.flographit",
            [".gpx"] = "application/gpx+xml",
            [".gqf"] = "application/vnd.grafeq",
            [".gqs"] = "application/vnd.grafeq",
            [".gram"] = "application/srgs",
            [".gramps"] = "application/x-gramps-xml",
            [".gre"] = "application/vnd.geometry-explorer",
            [".group"] = "text/x-ms-group",
            [".grv"] = "application/vnd.groove-injector",
            [".grxml"] = "application/srgs+xml",
            [".gsf"] = "application/x-font-ghostscript",
            [".gsm"] = "audio/x-gsm",
            [".gtar"] = "application/x-gtar",
            [".gtm"] = "application/vnd.groove-tool-message",
            [".gtw"] = "model/vnd.gtw",
            [".gv"] = "text/vnd.graphviz",
            [".gxf"] = "application/gxf",
            [".gxt"] = "application/vnd.geonext",
            [".gz"] = "application/x-gzip",
            [".h"] = "text/plain",
            [".h261"] = "video/h261",
            [".h263"] = "video/h263",
            [".h264"] = "video/h264",
            [".hal"] = "application/vnd.hal+xml",
            [".hbci"] = "application/vnd.hbci",
            [".hdf"] = "application/x-hdf",
            [".hdml"] = "text/x-hdml",
            [".heic"] = "image/heic",
            [".heics"] = "image/heic-sequence",
            [".heif"] = "image/heif",
            [".heifs"] = "image/heif-sequence",
            [".hh"] = "text/x-c",
            [".hhc"] = "application/x-oleobject",
            [".hhk"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hhp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hlp"] = "application/winhlp",
            [".hpgl"] = "application/vnd.hp-hpgl",
            [".hpid"] = "application/vnd.hp-hpid",
            [".hpp"] = "text/plain",
            [".hps"] = "application/vnd.hp-hps",
            [".hqx"] = "application/mac-binhex40",
            [".hta"] = "application/hta",
            [".htc"] = "text/x-component",
            [".htke"] = "application/vnd.kenameaapp",
            [".htm"] = "text/html",
            [".html"] = "text/html",
            [".htt"] = "text/webviewhtml",
            [".hvd"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-dic",
            [".hvp"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-voice",
            [".hvs"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-script",
            [".hxa"] = "application/xml",
            [".hxc"] = "application/xml",
            [".hxd"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxe"] = "application/xml",
            [".hxf"] = "application/xml",
            [".hxh"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxi"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxk"] = "application/xml",
            [".hxq"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxr"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxs"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxt"] = "text/html",
            [".hxv"] = "application/xml",
            [".hxw"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".hxx"] = "text/plain",
            [".i"] = "text/plain",
            [".i2g"] = "application/vnd.intergeo",
            [".ical"] = "text/calendar",
            [".icalendar"] = "text/calendar",
            [".icc"] = "application/vnd.iccprofile",
            [".ice"] = "x-conference/x-cooltalk",
            [".icm"] = "application/vnd.iccprofile",
            [".ico"] = "image/x-icon",
            [".ics"] = "text/calendar",
            [".idl"] = "text/plain",
            [".ief"] = "image/ief",
            [".ifb"] = "text/calendar",
            [".ifm"] = "application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata",
            [".iges"] = "model/iges",
            [".igl"] = "application/vnd.igloader",
            [".igm"] = "application/vnd.insors.igm",
            [".igs"] = "model/iges",
            [".igx"] = "application/vnd.micrografx.igx",
            [".iif"] = "application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange",
            [".iii"] = "application/x-iphone",
            [".imp"] = "application/vnd.accpac.simply.imp",
            [".ims"] = "application/vnd.ms-ims",
            [".in"] = "text/plain",
            [".inc"] = "text/plain",
            [".inf"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".ini"] = "text/plain",
            [".ink"] = "application/inkml+xml",
            [".inkml"] = "application/inkml+xml",
            [".inl"] = "text/plain",
            [".ins"] = "application/x-internet-signup",
            [".install"] = "application/x-install-instructions",
            [".iota"] = "application/vnd.astraea-software.iota",
            [".ipa"] = "application/x-itunes-ipa",
            [".ipfix"] = "application/ipfix",
            [".ipg"] = "application/x-itunes-ipg",
            [".ipk"] = "application/vnd.shana.informed.package",
            [".ipproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".ipsw"] = "application/x-itunes-ipsw",
            [".iqy"] = "text/x-ms-iqy",
            [".irm"] = "application/vnd.ibm.rights-management",
            [".irp"] = "application/vnd.irepository.package+xml",
            [".isma"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".ismv"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".iso"] = "application/x-iso9660-image",
            [".isp"] = "application/x-internet-signup",
            [".ite"] = "application/x-itunes-ite",
            [".itlp"] = "application/x-itunes-itlp",
            [".itms"] = "application/x-itunes-itms",
            [".itp"] = "application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate",
            [".itpc"] = "application/x-itunes-itpc",
            [".IVF"] = "video/x-ivf",
            [".ivp"] = "application/vnd.immervision-ivp",
            [".ivu"] = "application/vnd.immervision-ivu",
            [".jad"] = "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor",
            [".jam"] = "application/vnd.jam",
            [".jar"] = "application/java-archive",
            [".java"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".jck"] = "application/liquidmotion",
            [".jcz"] = "application/liquidmotion",
            [".jfif"] = "image/pjpeg",
            [".jisp"] = "application/vnd.jisp",
            [".jlt"] = "application/vnd.hp-jlyt",
            [".jnlp"] = "application/x-java-jnlp-file",
            [".joda"] = "application/vnd.joost.joda-archive",
            [".jpb"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".jpe"] = "image/jpeg",
            [".jpeg"] = "image/jpeg",
            [".jpg"] = "image/jpeg",
            [".jpgm"] = "video/jpm",
            [".jpgv"] = "video/jpeg",
            [".jpm"] = "video/jpm",
            [".js"] = "application/javascript",
            [".json"] = "application/json",
            [".jsonml"] = "application/jsonml+json",
            [".jsx"] = "text/jscript",
            [".jsxbin"] = "text/plain",
            [".kar"] = "audio/midi",
            [".karbon"] = "application/vnd.kde.karbon",
            [".key"] = "application/vnd.apple.keynote",
            [".kfo"] = "application/vnd.kde.kformula",
            [".kia"] = "application/vnd.kidspiration",
            [".kml"] = "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml",
            [".kmz"] = "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz",
            [".kne"] = "application/vnd.kinar",
            [".knp"] = "application/vnd.kinar",
            [".kon"] = "application/vnd.kde.kontour",
            [".kpr"] = "application/vnd.kde.kpresenter",
            [".kpt"] = "application/vnd.kde.kpresenter",
            [".kpxx"] = "application/vnd.ds-keypoint",
            [".ksp"] = "application/vnd.kde.kspread",
            [".ktr"] = "application/vnd.kahootz",
            [".ktx"] = "image/ktx",
            [".ktz"] = "application/vnd.kahootz",
            [".kwd"] = "application/vnd.kde.kword",
            [".kwt"] = "application/vnd.kde.kword",
            [".lasxml"] = "application/vnd.las.las+xml",
            [".latex"] = "application/x-latex",
            [".lbd"] = "application/vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.desktop",
            [".lbe"] = "application/vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.exchange+xml",
            [".les"] = "application/vnd.hhe.lesson-player",
            [".lha"] = "application/x-lzh-compressed",
            [".library-ms"] = "application/windows-library+xml",
            [".link66"] = "application/vnd.route66.link66+xml",
            [".list"] = "text/plain",
            [".list3820"] = "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
            [".listafp"] = "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
            [".lit"] = "application/x-ms-reader",
            [".lnk"] = "application/x-ms-shortcut",
            [".loadtest"] = "application/xml",
            [".log"] = "text/plain",
            [".lostxml"] = "application/lost+xml",
            [".lpk"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".lrf"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".lrm"] = "application/vnd.ms-lrm",
            [".lsf"] = "video/x-la-asf",
            [".lst"] = "text/plain",
            [".lsx"] = "video/x-la-asf",
            [".ltf"] = "application/vnd.frogans.ltf",
            [".lvp"] = "audio/vnd.lucent.voice",
            [".lwp"] = "application/vnd.lotus-wordpro",
            [".lzh"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".m13"] = "application/x-msmediaview",
            [".m14"] = "application/x-msmediaview",
            [".m1v"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".m21"] = "application/mp21",
            [".m2a"] = "audio/mpeg",
            [".m2t"] = "video/vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts",
            [".m2ts"] = "video/vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts",
            [".m2v"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".m3a"] = "audio/mpeg",
            [".m3u"] = "audio/x-mpegurl",
            [".m3u8"] = "audio/x-mpegurl",
            [".m4a"] = "audio/m4a",
            [".m4b"] = "audio/m4b",
            [".m4p"] = "audio/m4p",
            [".m4r"] = "audio/x-m4r",
            [".m4u"] = "video/vnd.mpegurl",
            [".m4v"] = "video/x-m4v",
            [".ma"] = "application/mathematica",
            [".mac"] = "image/x-macpaint",
            [".mads"] = "application/mads+xml",
            [".mag"] = "application/vnd.ecowin.chart",
            [".mak"] = "text/plain",
            [".maker"] = "application/vnd.framemaker",
            [".man"] = "application/x-troff-man",
            [".manifest"] = "application/x-ms-manifest",
            [".map"] = "text/plain",
            [".mar"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".master"] = "application/xml",
            [".mathml"] = "application/mathml+xml",
            [".mb"] = "application/mathematica",
            [".mbk"] = "application/vnd.mobius.mbk",
            [".mbox"] = "application/mbox",
            [".mc1"] = "application/vnd.medcalcdata",
            [".mcd"] = "application/vnd.mcd",
            [".mcurl"] = "text/vnd.curl.mcurl",
            [".mda"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".mdb"] = "application/x-msaccess",
            [".mde"] = "application/msaccess",
            [".mdi"] = "image/vnd.ms-modi",
            [".mdp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".me"] = "application/x-troff-me",
            [".mesh"] = "model/mesh",
            [".meta4"] = "application/metalink4+xml",
            [".metalink"] = "application/metalink+xml",
            [".mets"] = "application/mets+xml",
            [".mfm"] = "application/vnd.mfmp",
            [".mfp"] = "application/x-shockwave-flash",
            [".mft"] = "application/rpki-manifest",
            [".mgp"] = "application/vnd.osgeo.mapguide.package",
            [".mgz"] = "application/vnd.proteus.magazine",
            [".mht"] = "message/rfc822",
            [".mhtml"] = "message/rfc822",
            [".mid"] = "audio/mid",
            [".midi"] = "audio/mid",
            [".mie"] = "application/x-mie",
            [".mif"] = "application/vnd.mif",
            [".mime"] = "message/rfc822",
            [".mix"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".mj2"] = "video/mj2",
            [".mjp2"] = "video/mj2",
            [".mk"] = "text/plain",
            [".mk3d"] = "video/x-matroska-3d",
            [".mka"] = "audio/x-matroska",
            [".mks"] = "video/x-matroska",
            [".mkv"] = "video/x-matroska",
            [".mlp"] = "application/vnd.dolby.mlp",
            [".mmd"] = "application/vnd.chipnuts.karaoke-mmd",
            [".mmf"] = "application/x-smaf",
            [".mmr"] = "image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr",
            [".mng"] = "video/x-mng",
            [".mno"] = "text/xml",
            [".mny"] = "application/x-msmoney",
            [".mobi"] = "application/x-mobipocket-ebook",
            [".mod"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mods"] = "application/mods+xml",
            [".mov"] = "video/quicktime",
            [".movie"] = "video/x-sgi-movie",
            [".mp2"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mp21"] = "application/mp21",
            [".mp2a"] = "audio/mpeg",
            [".mp2v"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mp3"] = "audio/mpeg",
            [".mp4"] = "video/mp4",
            [".mp4a"] = "audio/mp4",
            [".mp4s"] = "application/mp4",
            [".mp4v"] = "video/mp4",
            [".mpa"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mpc"] = "application/vnd.mophun.certificate",
            [".mpe"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mpeg"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mpf"] = "application/vnd.ms-mediapackage",
            [".mpg"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mpg4"] = "video/mp4",
            [".mpga"] = "audio/mpeg",
            [".mpkg"] = "application/vnd.apple.installer+xml",
            [".mpm"] = "application/vnd.blueice.multipass",
            [".mpn"] = "application/vnd.mophun.application",
            [".mpp"] = "application/vnd.ms-project",
            [".mpt"] = "application/vnd.ms-project",
            [".mpv2"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".mpy"] = "application/vnd.ibm.minipay",
            [".mqv"] = "video/quicktime",
            [".mqy"] = "application/vnd.mobius.mqy",
            [".mrc"] = "application/marc",
            [".mrcx"] = "application/marcxml+xml",
            [".ms"] = "application/x-troff-ms",
            [".mscml"] = "application/mediaservercontrol+xml",
            [".mseed"] = "application/vnd.fdsn.mseed",
            [".mseq"] = "application/vnd.mseq",
            [".msf"] = "application/vnd.epson.msf",
            [".msg"] = "application/vnd.ms-outlook",
            [".msh"] = "model/mesh",
            [".msi"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".msl"] = "application/vnd.mobius.msl",
            [".mso"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".msty"] = "application/vnd.muvee.style",
            [".mts"] = "video/vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts",
            [".mtx"] = "application/xml",
            [".mus"] = "application/vnd.musician",
            [".musicxml"] = "application/vnd.recordare.musicxml+xml",
            [".mvb"] = "application/x-msmediaview",
            [".mvc"] = "application/x-miva-compiled",
            [".mwf"] = "application/vnd.mfer",
            [".mxf"] = "application/mxf",
            [".mxl"] = "application/vnd.recordare.musicxml",
            [".mxml"] = "application/xv+xml",
            [".mxp"] = "application/x-mmxp",
            [".mxs"] = "application/vnd.triscape.mxs",
            [".mxu"] = "video/vnd.mpegurl",
            [".n-gage"] = "application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.symbian.install",
            [".n3"] = "text/n3",
            [".nb"] = "application/mathematica",
            [".nbp"] = "application/vnd.wolfram.player",
            [".nc"] = "application/x-netcdf",
            [".ncx"] = "application/x-dtbncx+xml",
            [".nfo"] = "text/x-nfo",
            [".ngdat"] = "application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.data",
            [".nitf"] = "application/vnd.nitf",
            [".nlu"] = "application/vnd.neurolanguage.nlu",
            [".nml"] = "application/vnd.enliven",
            [".nnd"] = "application/vnd.noblenet-directory",
            [".nns"] = "application/vnd.noblenet-sealer",
            [".nnw"] = "application/vnd.noblenet-web",
            [".npx"] = "image/vnd.net-fpx",
            [".nsc"] = "video/x-ms-asf",
            [".nsf"] = "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
            [".ntf"] = "application/vnd.nitf",
            [".numbers"] = "application/vnd.apple.numbers",
            [".nws"] = "message/rfc822",
            [".nzb"] = "application/x-nzb",
            [".oa2"] = "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2",
            [".oa3"] = "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3",
            [".oas"] = "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys",
            [".obd"] = "application/x-msbinder",
            [".obj"] = "application/x-tgif",
            [".ocx"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".oda"] = "application/oda",
            [".odb"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database",
            [".odc"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart",
            [".odf"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula",
            [".odft"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template",
            [".odg"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics",
            [".odh"] = "text/plain",
            [".odi"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image",
            [".odl"] = "text/plain",
            [".odm"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master",
            [".odp"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation",
            [".ods"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet",
            [".odt"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
            [".oga"] = "audio/ogg",
            [".ogg"] = "audio/ogg",
            [".ogv"] = "video/ogg",
            [".ogx"] = "application/ogg",
            [".omdoc"] = "application/omdoc+xml",
            [".one"] = "application/onenote",
            [".onea"] = "application/onenote",
            [".onepkg"] = "application/onenote",
            [".onetmp"] = "application/onenote",
            [".onetoc"] = "application/onenote",
            [".onetoc2"] = "application/onenote",
            [".opf"] = "application/oebps-package+xml",
            [".opml"] = "text/x-opml",
            [".oprc"] = "application/vnd.palm",
            [".opus"] = "audio/ogg",
            [".orderedtest"] = "application/xml",
            [".org"] = "application/vnd.lotus-organizer",
            [".osdx"] = "application/opensearchdescription+xml",
            [".osf"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.openscoreformat",
            [".osfpvg"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.openscoreformat.osfpvg+xml",
            [".otc"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template",
            [".otf"] = "application/font-sfnt",
            [".otg"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template",
            [".oth"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web",
            [".oti"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template",
            [".otp"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template",
            [".ots"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template",
            [".ott"] = "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template",
            [".oxps"] = "application/oxps",
            [".oxt"] = "application/vnd.openofficeorg.extension",
            [".p"] = "text/x-pascal",
            [".p10"] = "application/pkcs10",
            [".p12"] = "application/x-pkcs12",
            [".p7b"] = "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
            [".p7c"] = "application/pkcs7-mime",
            [".p7m"] = "application/pkcs7-mime",
            [".p7r"] = "application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp",
            [".p7s"] = "application/pkcs7-signature",
            [".p8"] = "application/pkcs8",
            [".pages"] = "application/vnd.apple.pages",
            [".pas"] = "text/x-pascal",
            [".paw"] = "application/vnd.pawaafile",
            [".pbd"] = "application/vnd.powerbuilder6",
            [".pbm"] = "image/x-portable-bitmap",
            [".pcap"] = "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
            [".pcast"] = "application/x-podcast",
            [".pcf"] = "application/x-font-pcf",
            [".pcl"] = "application/vnd.hp-pcl",
            [".pclxl"] = "application/vnd.hp-pclxl",
            [".pct"] = "image/pict",
            [".pcurl"] = "application/vnd.curl.pcurl",
            [".pcx"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".pcz"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".pdb"] = "application/vnd.palm",
            [".pdf"] = "application/pdf",
            [".pfa"] = "application/x-font-type1",
            [".pfb"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".pfm"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".pfr"] = "application/font-tdpfr",
            [".pfx"] = "application/x-pkcs12",
            [".pgm"] = "image/x-portable-graymap",
            [".pgn"] = "application/x-chess-pgn",
            [".pgp"] = "application/pgp-encrypted",
            [".pic"] = "image/pict",
            [".pict"] = "image/pict",
            [".pkg"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".pkgdef"] = "text/plain",
            [".pkgundef"] = "text/plain",
            [".pki"] = "application/pkixcmp",
            [".pkipath"] = "application/pkix-pkipath",
            [".pko"] = "application/vnd.ms-pki.pko",
            [".plb"] = "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-large",
            [".plc"] = "application/vnd.mobius.plc",
            [".plf"] = "application/vnd.pocketlearn",
            [".pls"] = "audio/scpls",
            [".pma"] = "application/x-perfmon",
            [".pmc"] = "application/x-perfmon",
            [".pml"] = "application/x-perfmon",
            [".pmr"] = "application/x-perfmon",
            [".pmw"] = "application/x-perfmon",
            [".png"] = "image/png",
            [".pnm"] = "image/x-portable-anymap",
            [".pnt"] = "image/x-macpaint",
            [".pntg"] = "image/x-macpaint",
            [".pnz"] = "image/png",
            [".portpkg"] = "application/vnd.macports.portpkg",
            [".pot"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
            [".potm"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroEnabled.12",
            [".potx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template",
            [".ppa"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
            [".ppam"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroEnabled.12",
            [".ppd"] = "application/vnd.cups-ppd",
            [".ppm"] = "image/x-portable-pixmap",
            [".pps"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
            [".ppsm"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroEnabled.12",
            [".ppsx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow",
            [".ppt"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
            [".pptm"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroEnabled.12",
            [".pptx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation",
            [".pqa"] = "application/vnd.palm",
            [".prc"] = "application/x-mobipocket-ebook",
            [".pre"] = "application/vnd.lotus-freelance",
            [".prf"] = "application/pics-rules",
            [".prm"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".prx"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".ps"] = "application/postscript",
            [".psb"] = "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-small",
            [".psc1"] = "application/PowerShell",
            [".psd"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".psess"] = "application/xml",
            [".psf"] = "application/x-font-linux-psf",
            [".pskcxml"] = "application/pskc+xml",
            [".psm"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".psp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".pst"] = "application/vnd.ms-outlook",
            [".ptid"] = "application/vnd.pvi.ptid1",
            [".pub"] = "application/x-mspublisher",
            [".pvb"] = "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-var",
            [".pwn"] = "application/vnd.3m.post-it-notes",
            [".pwz"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
            [".pya"] = "audio/vnd.ms-playready.media.pya",
            [".pyv"] = "video/vnd.ms-playready.media.pyv",
            [".qam"] = "application/vnd.epson.quickanime",
            [".qbo"] = "application/vnd.intu.qbo",
            [".qfx"] = "application/vnd.intu.qfx",
            [".qht"] = "text/x-html-insertion",
            [".qhtm"] = "text/x-html-insertion",
            [".qps"] = "application/vnd.publishare-delta-tree",
            [".qt"] = "video/quicktime",
            [".qti"] = "image/x-quicktime",
            [".qtif"] = "image/x-quicktime",
            [".qtl"] = "application/x-quicktimeplayer",
            [".qwd"] = "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
            [".qwt"] = "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
            [".qxb"] = "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
            [".qxd"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".qxl"] = "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
            [".qxt"] = "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
            [".ra"] = "audio/x-pn-realaudio",
            [".ram"] = "audio/x-pn-realaudio",
            [".rar"] = "application/x-rar-compressed",
            [".ras"] = "image/x-cmu-raster",
            [".rat"] = "application/rat-file",
            [".rc"] = "text/plain",
            [".rc2"] = "text/plain",
            [".rcprofile"] = "application/vnd.ipunplugged.rcprofile",
            [".rct"] = "text/plain",
            [".rdf"] = "application/rdf+xml",
            [".rdlc"] = "application/xml",
            [".rdz"] = "application/vnd.data-vision.rdz",
            [".reg"] = "text/plain",
            [".rep"] = "application/vnd.businessobjects",
            [".res"] = "application/x-dtbresource+xml",
            [".resx"] = "application/xml",
            [".rf"] = "image/vnd.rn-realflash",
            [".rgb"] = "image/x-rgb",
            [".rgs"] = "text/plain",
            [".rif"] = "application/reginfo+xml",
            [".rip"] = "audio/vnd.rip",
            [".ris"] = "application/x-research-info-systems",
            [".rl"] = "application/resource-lists+xml",
            [".rlc"] = "image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc",
            [".rld"] = "application/resource-lists-diff+xml",
            [".rm"] = "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
            [".rmi"] = "audio/mid",
            [".rmp"] = "application/vnd.rn-rn_music_package",
            [".rms"] = "application/vnd.jcp.javame.midlet-rms",
            [".rmvb"] = "application/vnd.rn-realmedia-vbr",
            [".rnc"] = "application/relax-ng-compact-syntax",
            [".roa"] = "application/rpki-roa",
            [".roff"] = "application/x-troff",
            [".rp9"] = "application/vnd.cloanto.rp9",
            [".rpm"] = "audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin",
            [".rpss"] = "application/vnd.nokia.radio-presets",
            [".rpst"] = "application/vnd.nokia.radio-preset",
            [".rq"] = "application/sparql-query",
            [".rqy"] = "text/x-ms-rqy",
            [".rs"] = "application/rls-services+xml",
            [".rsd"] = "application/rsd+xml",
            [".rss"] = "application/rss+xml",
            [".rtf"] = "application/rtf",
            [".rtx"] = "text/richtext",
            [".ruleset"] = "application/xml",
            [".rvt"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".s"] = "text/plain",
            [".s3m"] = "audio/s3m",
            [".saf"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-audio",
            [".safariextz"] = "application/x-safari-safariextz",
            [".sbml"] = "application/sbml+xml",
            [".sc"] = "application/vnd.ibm.secure-container",
            [".scd"] = "application/x-msschedule",
            [".scm"] = "application/vnd.lotus-screencam",
            [".scq"] = "application/scvp-cv-request",
            [".scr"] = "text/plain",
            [".scs"] = "application/scvp-cv-response",
            [".sct"] = "text/scriptlet",
            [".scurl"] = "text/vnd.curl.scurl",
            [".sd2"] = "audio/x-sd2",
            [".sda"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.draw",
            [".sdc"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.calc",
            [".sdd"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.impress",
            [".sdkd"] = "application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml",
            [".sdkm"] = "application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml",
            [".sdp"] = "application/sdp",
            [".sdw"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
            [".sea"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".searchConnector-ms"] = "application/windows-search-connector+xml",
            [".see"] = "application/vnd.seemail",
            [".seed"] = "application/vnd.fdsn.seed",
            [".sema"] = "application/vnd.sema",
            [".semd"] = "application/vnd.semd",
            [".semf"] = "application/vnd.semf",
            [".ser"] = "application/java-serialized-object",
            [".setpay"] = "application/set-payment-initiation",
            [".setreg"] = "application/set-registration-initiation",
            [".settings"] = "application/xml",
            [".sfd-hdstx"] = "application/vnd.hydrostatix.sof-data",
            [".sfs"] = "application/vnd.spotfire.sfs",
            [".sfv"] = "text/x-sfv",
            [".sgi"] = "image/sgi",
            [".sgimb"] = "application/x-sgimb",
            [".sgl"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.writer-global",
            [".sgm"] = "text/sgml",
            [".sgml"] = "text/sgml",
            [".sh"] = "application/x-sh",
            [".shar"] = "application/x-shar",
            [".shf"] = "application/shf+xml",
            [".shtml"] = "text/html",
            [".sid"] = "image/x-mrsid-image",
            [".sig"] = "application/pgp-signature",
            [".sil"] = "audio/silk",
            [".silo"] = "model/mesh",
            [".sis"] = "application/vnd.symbian.install",
            [".sisx"] = "application/vnd.symbian.install",
            [".sit"] = "application/x-stuffit",
            [".sitemap"] = "application/xml",
            [".sitx"] = "application/x-stuffitx",
            [".skd"] = "application/vnd.koan",
            [".skin"] = "application/xml",
            [".skm"] = "application/vnd.koan",
            [".skp"] = "application/x-koan",
            [".skt"] = "application/vnd.koan",
            [".sldm"] = "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slide.macroEnabled.12",
            [".sldx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slide",
            [".slk"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".sln"] = "text/plain",
            [".slt"] = "application/vnd.epson.salt",
            [".slupkg-ms"] = "application/x-ms-license",
            [".sm"] = "application/vnd.stepmania.stepchart",
            [".smd"] = "audio/x-smd",
            [".smf"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.math",
            [".smi"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".smil"] = "application/smil+xml",
            [".smv"] = "video/x-smv",
            [".smx"] = "audio/x-smd",
            [".smz"] = "audio/x-smd",
            [".smzip"] = "application/vnd.stepmania.package",
            [".snd"] = "audio/basic",
            [".snf"] = "application/x-font-snf",
            [".snippet"] = "application/xml",
            [".snp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".so"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".sol"] = "text/plain",
            [".sor"] = "text/plain",
            [".spc"] = "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
            [".spf"] = "application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-phrase",
            [".spl"] = "application/futuresplash",
            [".spot"] = "text/vnd.in3d.spot",
            [".spp"] = "application/scvp-vp-response",
            [".spq"] = "application/scvp-vp-request",
            [".spx"] = "audio/ogg",
            [".sql"] = "application/sql",
            [".src"] = "application/x-wais-source",
            [".srf"] = "text/plain",
            [".srt"] = "application/x-subrip",
            [".sru"] = "application/sru+xml",
            [".srx"] = "application/sparql-results+xml",
            [".ssdl"] = "application/ssdl+xml",
            [".sse"] = "application/vnd.kodak-descriptor",
            [".ssf"] = "application/vnd.epson.ssf",
            [".SSISDeploymentManifest"] = "text/xml",
            [".ssm"] = "application/streamingmedia",
            [".ssml"] = "application/ssml+xml",
            [".sst"] = "application/vnd.ms-pki.certstore",
            [".st"] = "application/vnd.sailingtracker.track",
            [".stc"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc.template",
            [".std"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw.template",
            [".step"] = "application/step",
            [".stf"] = "application/vnd.wt.stf",
            [".sti"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress.template",
            [".stk"] = "application/hyperstudio",
            [".stl"] = "application/vnd.ms-pki.stl",
            [".stp"] = "application/step",
            [".str"] = "application/vnd.pg.format",
            [".stw"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.template",
            [".sub"] = "image/vnd.dvb.subtitle",
            [".sus"] = "application/vnd.sus-calendar",
            [".susp"] = "application/vnd.sus-calendar",
            [".sv4cpio"] = "application/x-sv4cpio",
            [".sv4crc"] = "application/x-sv4crc",
            [".svc"] = "application/xml",
            [".svd"] = "application/vnd.svd",
            [".svg"] = "image/svg+xml",
            [".svgz"] = "image/svg+xml",
            [".swa"] = "application/x-director",
            [".swf"] = "application/x-shockwave-flash",
            [".swi"] = "application/vnd.aristanetworks.swi",
            [".sxc"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc",
            [".sxd"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw",
            [".sxg"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global",
            [".sxi"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress",
            [".sxm"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.math",
            [".sxw"] = "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer",
            [".t"] = "application/x-troff",
            [".t3"] = "application/x-t3vm-image",
            [".taglet"] = "application/vnd.mynfc",
            [".tao"] = "application/vnd.tao.intent-module-archive",
            [".tar"] = "application/x-tar",
            [".tcap"] = "application/vnd.3gpp2.tcap",
            [".tcl"] = "application/x-tcl",
            [".teacher"] = "application/vnd.smart.teacher",
            [".tei"] = "application/tei+xml",
            [".teicorpus"] = "application/tei+xml",
            [".testrunconfig"] = "application/xml",
            [".testsettings"] = "application/xml",
            [".tex"] = "application/x-tex",
            [".texi"] = "application/x-texinfo",
            [".texinfo"] = "application/x-texinfo",
            [".text"] = "text/plain",
            [".tfi"] = "application/thraud+xml",
            [".tfm"] = "application/x-tex-tfm",
            [".tga"] = "image/x-tga",
            [".tgz"] = "application/x-compressed",
            [".thmx"] = "application/vnd.ms-officetheme",
            [".thn"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".tif"] = "image/tiff",
            [".tiff"] = "image/tiff",
            [".tlh"] = "text/plain",
            [".tli"] = "text/plain",
            [".tmo"] = "application/vnd.tmobile-livetv",
            [".toc"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".torrent"] = "application/x-bittorrent",
            [".tpl"] = "application/vnd.groove-tool-template",
            [".tpt"] = "application/vnd.trid.tpt",
            [".tr"] = "application/x-troff",
            [".tra"] = "application/vnd.trueapp",
            [".trm"] = "application/x-msterminal",
            [".trx"] = "application/xml",
            [".ts"] = "video/vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts",
            [".tsd"] = "application/timestamped-data",
            [".tsv"] = "text/tab-separated-values",
            [".ttc"] = "font/collection",
            [".ttf"] = "application/font-sfnt",
            [".ttl"] = "text/turtle",
            [".tts"] = "video/vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts",
            [".twd"] = "application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper",
            [".twds"] = "application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper",
            [".txd"] = "application/vnd.genomatix.tuxedo",
            [".txf"] = "application/vnd.mobius.txf",
            [".txt"] = "text/plain",
            [".u32"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".udeb"] = "application/x-debian-package",
            [".ufd"] = "application/vnd.ufdl",
            [".ufdl"] = "application/vnd.ufdl",
            [".uls"] = "text/iuls",
            [".ulx"] = "application/x-glulx",
            [".umj"] = "application/vnd.umajin",
            [".unityweb"] = "application/vnd.unity",
            [".uoml"] = "application/vnd.uoml+xml",
            [".uri"] = "text/uri-list",
            [".uris"] = "text/uri-list",
            [".urls"] = "text/uri-list",
            [".user"] = "text/plain",
            [".ustar"] = "application/x-ustar",
            [".utz"] = "application/vnd.uiq.theme",
            [".uu"] = "text/x-uuencode",
            [".uva"] = "audio/vnd.dece.audio",
            [".uvd"] = "application/vnd.dece.data",
            [".uvf"] = "application/vnd.dece.data",
            [".uvg"] = "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
            [".uvh"] = "video/vnd.dece.hd",
            [".uvi"] = "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
            [".uvm"] = "video/vnd.dece.mobile",
            [".uvp"] = "video/vnd.dece.pd",
            [".uvs"] = "video/vnd.dece.sd",
            [".uvt"] = "application/vnd.dece.ttml+xml",
            [".uvu"] = "video/vnd.uvvu.mp4",
            [".uvv"] = "video/vnd.dece.video",
            [".uvva"] = "audio/vnd.dece.audio",
            [".uvvd"] = "application/vnd.dece.data",
            [".uvvf"] = "application/vnd.dece.data",
            [".uvvg"] = "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
            [".uvvh"] = "video/vnd.dece.hd",
            [".uvvi"] = "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
            [".uvvm"] = "video/vnd.dece.mobile",
            [".uvvp"] = "video/vnd.dece.pd",
            [".uvvs"] = "video/vnd.dece.sd",
            [".uvvt"] = "application/vnd.dece.ttml+xml",
            [".uvvu"] = "video/vnd.uvvu.mp4",
            [".uvvv"] = "video/vnd.dece.video",
            [".uvvx"] = "application/vnd.dece.unspecified",
            [".uvvz"] = "application/vnd.dece.zip",
            [".uvx"] = "application/vnd.dece.unspecified",
            [".uvz"] = "application/vnd.dece.zip",
            [".vb"] = "text/plain",
            [".vbdproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".vbk"] = "video/mpeg",
            [".vbproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".vbs"] = "text/vbscript",
            [".vcard"] = "text/vcard",
            [".vcd"] = "application/x-cdlink",
            [".vcf"] = "text/x-vcard",
            [".vcg"] = "application/vnd.groove-vcard",
            [".vcproj"] = "application/xml",
            [".vcs"] = "text/plain",
            [".vcx"] = "application/vnd.vcx",
            [".vcxproj"] = "application/xml",
            [".vddproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".vdp"] = "text/plain",
            [".vdproj"] = "text/plain",
            [".vdx"] = "application/vnd.ms-visio.viewer",
            [".vis"] = "application/vnd.visionary",
            [".viv"] = "video/vnd.vivo",
            [".vml"] = "text/xml",
            [".vob"] = "video/x-ms-vob",
            [".vor"] = "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
            [".vox"] = "application/x-authorware-bin",
            [".vrml"] = "model/vrml",
            [".vscontent"] = "application/xml",
            [".vsct"] = "text/xml",
            [".vsd"] = "application/vnd.visio",
            [".vsf"] = "application/vnd.vsf",
            [".vsi"] = "application/ms-vsi",
            [".vsix"] = "application/vsix",
            [".vsixlangpack"] = "text/xml",
            [".vsixmanifest"] = "text/xml",
            [".vsmdi"] = "application/xml",
            [".vspscc"] = "text/plain",
            [".vss"] = "application/vnd.visio",
            [".vsscc"] = "text/plain",
            [".vssettings"] = "text/xml",
            [".vssscc"] = "text/plain",
            [".vst"] = "application/vnd.visio",
            [".vstemplate"] = "text/xml",
            [".vsto"] = "application/x-ms-vsto",
            [".vsw"] = "application/vnd.visio",
            [".vsx"] = "application/vnd.visio",
            [".vtt"] = "text/vtt",
            [".vtu"] = "model/vnd.vtu",
            [".vtx"] = "application/vnd.visio",
            [".vxml"] = "application/voicexml+xml",
            [".w3d"] = "application/x-director",
            [".wad"] = "application/x-doom",
            [".wasm"] = "application/wasm",
            [".wav"] = "audio/wav",
            [".wave"] = "audio/wav",
            [".wax"] = "audio/x-ms-wax",
            [".wbk"] = "application/msword",
            [".wbmp"] = "image/vnd.wap.wbmp",
            [".wbs"] = "application/vnd.criticaltools.wbs+xml",
            [".wbxml"] = "application/vnd.wap.wbxml",
            [".wcm"] = "application/vnd.ms-works",
            [".wdb"] = "application/vnd.ms-works",
            [".wdp"] = "image/vnd.ms-photo",
            [".weba"] = "audio/webm",
            [".webarchive"] = "application/x-safari-webarchive",
            [".webm"] = "video/webm",
            [".webp"] = "image/webp",
            [".webtest"] = "application/xml",
            [".wg"] = "application/vnd.pmi.widget",
            [".wgt"] = "application/widget",
            [".wiq"] = "application/xml",
            [".wiz"] = "application/msword",
            [".wks"] = "application/vnd.ms-works",
            [".WLMP"] = "application/wlmoviemaker",
            [".wlpginstall"] = "application/x-wlpg-detect",
            [".wlpginstall3"] = "application/x-wlpg3-detect",
            [".wm"] = "video/x-ms-wm",
            [".wma"] = "audio/x-ms-wma",
            [".wmd"] = "application/x-ms-wmd",
            [".wmf"] = "application/x-msmetafile",
            [".wml"] = "text/vnd.wap.wml",
            [".wmlc"] = "application/vnd.wap.wmlc",
            [".wmls"] = "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript",
            [".wmlsc"] = "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc",
            [".wmp"] = "video/x-ms-wmp",
            [".wmv"] = "video/x-ms-wmv",
            [".wmx"] = "video/x-ms-wmx",
            [".wmz"] = "application/x-ms-wmz",
            [".woff"] = "application/font-woff",
            [".woff2"] = "application/font-woff2",
            [".wpd"] = "application/vnd.wordperfect",
            [".wpl"] = "application/vnd.ms-wpl",
            [".wps"] = "application/vnd.ms-works",
            [".wqd"] = "application/vnd.wqd",
            [".wri"] = "application/x-mswrite",
            [".wrl"] = "x-world/x-vrml",
            [".wrz"] = "x-world/x-vrml",
            [".wsc"] = "text/scriptlet",
            [".wsdl"] = "text/xml",
            [".wspolicy"] = "application/wspolicy+xml",
            [".wtb"] = "application/vnd.webturbo",
            [".wvx"] = "video/x-ms-wvx",
            [".x"] = "application/directx",
            [".x32"] = "application/x-authorware-bin",
            [".x3d"] = "model/x3d+xml",
            [".x3db"] = "model/x3d+binary",
            [".x3dbz"] = "model/x3d+binary",
            [".x3dv"] = "model/x3d+vrml",
            [".x3dvz"] = "model/x3d+vrml",
            [".x3dz"] = "model/x3d+xml",
            [".xaf"] = "x-world/x-vrml",
            [".xaml"] = "application/xaml+xml",
            [".xap"] = "application/x-silverlight-app",
            [".xar"] = "application/vnd.xara",
            [".xbap"] = "application/x-ms-xbap",
            [".xbd"] = "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder",
            [".xbm"] = "image/x-xbitmap",
            [".xdf"] = "application/xcap-diff+xml",
            [".xdm"] = "application/vnd.syncml.dm+xml",
            [".xdp"] = "application/vnd.adobe.xdp+xml",
            [".xdr"] = "text/plain",
            [".xdssc"] = "application/dssc+xml",
            [".xdw"] = "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks",
            [".xenc"] = "application/xenc+xml",
            [".xer"] = "application/patch-ops-error+xml",
            [".xfdf"] = "application/vnd.adobe.xfdf",
            [".xfdl"] = "application/vnd.xfdl",
            [".xht"] = "application/xhtml+xml",
            [".xhtml"] = "application/xhtml+xml",
            [".xhvml"] = "application/xv+xml",
            [".xif"] = "image/vnd.xiff",
            [".xla"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xlam"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel.addin.macroEnabled.12",
            [".xlc"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xld"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xlf"] = "application/x-xliff+xml",
            [".xlk"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xll"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xlm"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xls"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xlsb"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.binary.macroEnabled.12",
            [".xlsm"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.macroEnabled.12",
            [".xlsx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
            [".xlt"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xltm"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel.template.macroEnabled.12",
            [".xltx"] = "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.template",
            [".xlw"] = "application/vnd.ms-excel",
            [".xm"] = "audio/xm",
            [".xml"] = "text/xml",
            [".xmp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".xmta"] = "application/xml",
            [".xo"] = "application/vnd.olpc-sugar",
            [".xof"] = "x-world/x-vrml",
            [".XOML"] = "text/plain",
            [".xop"] = "application/xop+xml",
            [".xpi"] = "application/x-xpinstall",
            [".xpl"] = "application/xproc+xml",
            [".xpm"] = "image/x-xpixmap",
            [".xpr"] = "application/vnd.is-xpr",
            [".xps"] = "application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument",
            [".xpw"] = "application/vnd.intercon.formnet",
            [".xpx"] = "application/vnd.intercon.formnet",
            [".xrm-ms"] = "text/xml",
            [".xsc"] = "application/xml",
            [".xsd"] = "text/xml",
            [".xsf"] = "text/xml",
            [".xsl"] = "text/xml",
            [".xslt"] = "text/xml",
            [".xsm"] = "application/vnd.syncml+xml",
            [".xsn"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".xspf"] = "application/xspf+xml",
            [".xss"] = "application/xml",
            [".xtp"] = "application/octet-stream",
            [".xul"] = "application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml",
            [".xvm"] = "application/xv+xml",
            [".xvml"] = "application/xv+xml",
            [".xwd"] = "image/x-xwindowdump",
            [".xyz"] = "chemical/x-xyz",
            [".xz"] = "application/x-xz",
            [".yang"] = "application/yang",
            [".yin"] = "application/yin+xml",
            [".z"] = "application/x-compress",
            [".z1"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z2"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z3"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z4"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z5"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z6"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z7"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".z8"] = "application/x-zmachine",
            [".zaz"] = "application/vnd.zzazz.deck+xml",
            [".zip"] = "application/zip",
            [".zir"] = "application/vnd.zul",
            [".zirz"] = "application/vnd.zul",
            [".zmm"] = "application/vnd.handheld-entertainment+xml",
            #endregion
        });


        /// 
        /// Tries to get the type of the MIME from the provided string.
        /// 
        /// The filename or extension.
        /// The variable to store the MIME type.
        /// The MIME type.
        /// 
        private static bool TryGetMimeType(string input, out string mimeType)
        {
            if (input == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(input));
            }

            if (!input.Contains(Dot))
            {
                input = Dot + input;
            }
            else if (input.Contains(Dot) && !input.StartsWith(Dot))
            {
                var index = input.LastIndexOf(Dot);
                if (index != -1 && input.Length > index + 1)
                {
                    input = input.Substring(index + 1);
                }

                input = Dot + input;
            }

            return _mappings.Value.TryGetValue(input, out mimeType);
        }

        /// 
        /// Gets the type of the MIME from the provided string.
        /// 
        /// The filename or extension.
        /// The MIME type.
        /// 
        public static string GetMimeType(string fileName)
        {
            return TryGetMimeType(fileName, out var result) ? result : string.Empty;
        }

        /// 
        /// Gets the extension from the provided MINE type.
        /// 
        /// Type of the MIME.
        /// The extension.
        /// 
        /// 
        public static string GetExtension(string mimeType)
        {
            if (mimeType == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(mimeType));
            }

            if (mimeType.StartsWith(Dot))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Requested mime type is not valid: " + mimeType);
            }

            var ext = _mappings.Value.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Value.Contains(mimeType)).Key;
            if (ext != null)
            {
                return ext;
            }

            return string.Empty;
        }
    }
} 




Reference: iana.org









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– How to extract images from PDF using iText7 in C# .Net Code






How to extract images from PDF using iText7 in [C#] .Net
admin — Thu, 06 Apr 2023 09:59:03 +0000






In today’s digital world, PDF (Portable Document Format) files have become a common medium for sharing and storing documents. Often, these PDF files contain important images that we may need to extract for various purposes. In this article, we will explore how to extract images from PDF files using iText7, a powerful and popular PDF library, in C# .NET.  








Table of Contents
Install iText7 package in .Net ApplicationStep 1: Setting up the Project: 
iText7 library in C# – code ImplementationStep 2: Implement IEventListener
How to invoke IEventListener in C# codeStep 3: Load the PDF Document & Extracting Images via Call IEventListener.
Code Explanation:









Install iText7 package in .Net Application








Step 1: Setting up the Project: 








Create a new C# .NET project in your preferred development environment. Ensure that you have added the iText7 library to your project.







or use the following command line in Console to install the package




Install-Package itext7 -Version 7.2.5











iText7 library in C# – code Implementation








Step 2: Implement IEventListener








Use ImageRenderInfo to capture images in IEventListener class. 
Create a new class called “ImageEventListener” and implement the IEventListener event as shown in the below code. While processing PDF pages, this event will get fired if the EventData is an Image type. Implement logic as per your requirement. Sample code shows saving all images in an output folder.



using iText.Kernel.Pdf.Canvas.Parser.Data;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf.Canvas.Parser.Listener;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf.Canvas.Parser;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf.Xobject;

public class ImageEventListener : IEventListener
{
	public void EventOccurred(IEventData eventData, EventType type)
	{
		if (eventData is ImageRenderInfo imageRenderInfo)
		{
			try
			{
				string extractImagToDir = "C:\\Users\\Desktop\\OutputFiles\\";

				if (imageRenderInfo.GetImage() != null)
				{
					PdfImageXObject imageXObject = imageRenderInfo.GetImage();
					
					File.WriteAllBytes(extractImagToDir + DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyyMMddHHmmssfff") + ".jpg", imageXObject.GetImageBytes());
				}
			}
			catch (Exception ex)
			{
				//LogError(ex.Message);
			}
		}
	}

	public ICollection<EventType> GetSupportedEvents()
	{
		return null;
	}
} 









How to invoke IEventListener in C# code








Step 3: Load the PDF Document & Extracting Images via Call IEventListener.








The below code shows how to open & read a PDF document and process each page’s contents using PdfCanvasProcessor which will trigger ImageEventListener class.



using iText.Kernel.Geom;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf.Xobject;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf;
using iText.Layout.Element;
using iText.Kernel.Pdf.Canvas.Parser; 

public static void ExtractAllImagesFromPDF(string filePath)
{
	//filePath= "C:\\Users\\Desktop\\TestFile.PDF";

	using (FileStream fs = File.Open(filePath, FileMode.Open))
	{
		PdfReader pdfReader = new PdfReader(fs);
		PdfDocument pdfDocument = new PdfDocument(pdfReader);

		var eventListener = new ImageEventListener();
		PdfCanvasProcessor canvasProcessor = new PdfCanvasProcessor(eventListener);

		for (int pageNumber = 1; pageNumber <= pdfDocument.GetNumberOfPages(); pageNumber++)
		{
			// this will invoke ImageEventListener
			canvasProcessor.ProcessPageContent(pdfDocument.GetPage(pageNumber));
		}
	}
} 








Code Explanation:




Open a PDF file using FileStream



Create an instance of PdfReader and PdfDocument class to read a file.



Create an EventListener and pass it as a parameter in PdfCanvasProcessor class instance.



go through each page via for loop and process the page’s content which will invoke the EventListener event.



In ImageEventListener class, check if EventData is an Image type



If it is ImageRenderInfo type then get the image using PdfImageXObject



get all image bytes by GetImageBytes() method and save it in the output directory.









iText7 uses an AGPL license which is a free/open source software (F/OSS). See also GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) Supported by the Free Software Foundation. However, a commercial license is also available if you want to commercialize your project.










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– How To Use Dynamic Parameters In Dapper 2.0 In C# .Net Core?
– What is an API – Application Programming Interface
– SonarLint Code Clean-up for MS Visual Studio & Cyclomatic Complexity Explained

Format	Result
DateTime.Now.ToString("t")	4:05 PM
DateTime.Now.ToString("d")	3/9/2024
DateTime.Now.ToString("T")	4:05:07 PM
DateTime.Now.ToString("D")	Sunday, March 09, 2024
DateTime.Now.ToString("f")	Sunday, March 09, 2024 4:05 PM
DateTime.Now.ToString("F")	Sunday, March 09, 2024 4:05:07 PM
DateTime.Now.ToString("g")	3/9/2024 4:05 PM
DateTime.Now.ToString("G")	3/9/2024 4:05:07 PM
DateTime.Now.ToString("m")	March 09
DateTime.Now.ToString("y")	March, 2024
DateTime.Now.ToString("r")	Sun, 09 Mar 2024 16:05:07 GMT
DateTime.Now.ToString("s")	2024-03-09T16:05:07
DateTime.Now.ToString("u")	2024-03-09 16:05:07Z
dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy")	05/29/2024
dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy")	Friday, 29 May 2024
dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm")	Friday, 29 May 2024 05:50
dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy hh:mm tt")	Friday, 29 May 2024 05:50 AM
dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy H:mm")	Friday, 29 May 2024 5:50
dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy h:mm tt")	Friday, 29 May 2024 5:50 AM
dt.ToString("dddd, dd MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss")	Friday, 15 May 2024 06:40:02
dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm")	05/29/2024 05:50
dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy hh:mm tt")	05/29/2024 05:50 AM
dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy H:mm")	05/29/2024 5:50
dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy h:mm tt")	05/29/2024 5:50 AM
dt.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss")	05/29/2024 05:50:06
dt.ToString("MMMM dd")	May 29
dt.ToString("yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd’T’HH’:’mm’:’ss.fffffffK")	2024-05-16T05:50:06.7199222-04:00
dt.ToString("ddd, dd MMM yyy HH’:’mm’:’ss ‘GMT’")	Fri, 16 May 2024 05:50:06 GMT
dt.ToString("yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd’T’HH’:’mm’:’ss")	2024-05-16T05:50:06
dt.ToString("HH:mm")	05:50
dt.ToString("hh:mm tt")	05:50 AM
dt.ToString("H:mm")	5:50
dt.ToString("h:mm tt")	5:50 AM
dt.ToString("HH:mm:ss")	05:50:06
dt.ToString("yyyy MMMM")	2024 May

Specifier	DateTimeFormatInfo property	Pattern value
d	Short date pattern	M/d/yyyy (6/15/2023)
D	Long date pattern	dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy (Monday, June 15, 2023)
t	Short time pattern	h:mm tt (1:45 PM)
T	Long time pattern	h:mm:ss tt (1:45:30 PM)
f	Full date and short time pattern	dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy h:mm tt (Monday, June 15, 2023 1:45 PM)
F	Full date and long time pattern	dddd, MMMM dd, yyyy h:mm:ss tt (Monday, June 15, 2023 1:45:30 PM)
g	General short date and short time pattern	M/d/yyyy h:mm tt (6/15/2023 1:45 PM)
G	General short date and long time pattern	M/d/yyyy h:mm:ss tt (6/15/2023 1:45:30 PM)
m, M	Month and day pattern	MMMM dd (June 15)
y, Y	Year and month pattern	MMMM, yyyy (June 2023)
^* s	Sortable date and time pattern	yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd’T’HH’:’mm’:’ss
^* r, R	RFC1123 Pattern	ddd, dd MMM yyyy HH’:’mm’:’ss ‘GMT’
^* u	Universal Sortable DateTime Pattern	yyyy’-‘MM’-‘dd HH’:’mm’:’ss’Z’

Parameters	Inputs
Namespace	PublicAPIs/v1
Endpoint	GetTop10Items (Public URL) https://yourdomain.com/wp-json/PublicAPIs/v1/GetTop10Items
Method	Get method
callback function name	CallFun_GetTop10Items (Internal method that executes and sends back responses)

Plugin Name	any name, e.g., MyPlugin
Plugin URI	give your URL, e.g., https://google.com/
Description	Short note
Version	any number, e.g., 1
Author	any name